Communication and patient safety( Literature Review) Research Paper

discourse and patient safety( Literature Review) - Research Paper ExampleIt has also been found that there is a decline in the number of medical errors make concerning patients. Furthermore, adequate conference also has an impact on encourages because they commence more motivated in their spring, which increases their efficiency. This efficiency helps the patient as it improves the care that they are given, and this leads to the patients swift recoery. In addition, various factors influence communication between nurses and patients, one of the factors is the complexity of the hospital and breast feeding systems thus, the larger and more complex they are, the higher the risk that the potential for patient errors will be increased. Therefore, it is undeni equal to assure that adequate communication between the various hospital systems is instituted so that the number of such errors mass be reduced or done away with. Moreover, the value of care depends completely on the verity and completeness of information being available to the nurses who care for the patients. While this is important, it should be noted that the accuracy of the information becomes out-of-date over time and this is the reason why more, up to date information has to be collected to ensure that the caregivers provide the best service possible to the patient (Manojlovich, Antonakos and Ronis, 2009). On the other hand, Turkoski (2009) states that errors tend to occur when during the communication of a patients medication. This usually happens when there is a misinterpretation of the various abbreviations or acronyms to the drugs, which ease up been prescribed to the patient. This creates a situation where there is the potential of a patient taking the wrong drugs, taking the drugs at the wrong time of the day, or even worse, taking an overdose of the prescribed drugs. It is therefore incumbent to ensure that errors in the writing down of instructions for the patient or caregiver are a voided and that the someone writing the said instructions is alert at all times to the potential of making mistakes. Among the recommendations made in Turkoskis article is that there must be a standardization of all the abbreviations and acronyms for the drugs apply in the medical field so that there can be no confusion over the type of drugs that have been prescribed. It has been found that many drugs have similar names that may lead to the nurse giving the patient the wrong medicine. To prevent such incidences, it has been recommended that capital and small letters be employ to differentiate the drugs with similar names to avoid confusion. This will work to ensure that there is uniformity in the communication of medication and this will ultimately promote the safety of the patients to whom the medication is prescribed. With uniformity in communication, the work of the nurses will become less cumbersome because they will be able to be accurate in their administration of medicati on. Frankel (2008) states that in many hospital systems, there is always a breakdown in communication, this isbecause the treat staff is usually afraid to report errors because of the potential of being punished. This fear has made it difficult for errors to be corrected and has ensured that the outcome for patients is greatly diminished. The lack of adequate communication has created a scenario where nurses are not able to conduct their activities efficiently and this has come to have a devastating impact on the safety of the

CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES - Essay ExampleThe first aspect of American Dream is the fierceness on the value of monetary triumph. This motivates people to become highly ambitious (Cullen & Agnew 2006, p.192) . There is nothing ravish in being ambitious, however, to what extend a man can go to fulfill his ambitions matter a lot. The dark side of the American dream is that the importance of legitimate means to attain the social winner is decreased compared to the importance of attaining the dream (Cullen & Agnew 2006,, p.192). According to Merton, it is this imbalance between the mark and the means to attain the goal that motivate people to take an illegal path (Cullen & Agnew 2006, 2001, p.192).Man is a social element. The strongest motivation rump mans act is to get recognition from the society. In American society, people are evaluated on the basis of what and how much they have achieved rather than on the basis of who they are or how they are cerebrate to others in the social st ructure (Cullen and Agnew, 2006,, p.192). The ultimate measure of social worth being success and achievement, it puts wedge on people to achieve it at any cost (Cullen and Agnew, 2006, 2001, p.192). The mentality that its not how you break away the game but its whether you win or lose, has led people to take illegal and anti-social paths to achievement as it guarantees success in quick and easy way (Cullen and Agnew, 2006, p.192)The second important aspect of American Dream is the importance given to individualism(Cullen and Agnew, 2006, p.192). As Andrew Hacker (1992) said, American society drives people to achieve success on their own and hence, in an attempt to get ahead in the race, I

Global Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

international Entrepreneurship - Essay ExampleThe scientific management resulted in great evolution of US business and the existence management and sub division of labor helped the US business to grow at faster curtilage than the rest of the world. Research and development, mass production, efficiency and increased wages for the labors also provided adequate boost to the American business and the vast growing firms geographically expanded and took over the European markets through their corporate Americanization. At the same time, problems emerge in the system the like agency problems, separation of control from the ownership, unrelated diversification, etcetera US businesses stay sustainable through innovation and change management however economic meltdown obliges them to downsize. German business system has been able to sustain the non-price sensitive markets through collective bargains and consensus management and their aboriginal focus is on long term strategy of producti on and export.UK business system is also instead similar to that and follows long term strategic planning. In the UK, businesses tend to expand geographically like that of US corporations e.g. Tesco, BT, etc. French business system is driven by functionality and rigid hierarchy and is found more than directive than collaborative. The focus is to produce and supply hi tech products to the international markets. European business systems intention to stay sustainable in the economic crisis through strategic management that helps them to cope up the crisis like merging, joint venturing, co-branding, etc.

Mistakes Made in Casey Anthony Trial Investigation and Prosecution Research Paper

Mistakes make in Casey Anthony Trial Investigation and Prosecution - Research Paper ExampleThe accused was acquitted on July 5th, 2011. The Orlando, Fla., jury held that Casey Anthony was never guilty of killing her daughter culminating in a stunning end to the trials that had importantly fixated the country, thus, raising serious similar questions of forensic expertise and differentiate featuring in The Child Cases.The case was mown by a flawed states forensic case hence attracting a cumulus of questions concerning the strength of the forensic evidence. The Florida prosecutors never turn up beyond a reasonable doubt how the two-year-old died. Also, they never proved where the body had been prior to being uncovered in garbage bags in swampy woods beside to the Anthonys family home. Therefore, the case greatly relied on cutting-edge forensic evidence that the defense tagged, junk scientific discipline and too experimental for the Courtroom. Therefore, in that location was a rea l danger from the case as scientific precedents turn out scary. Therefore, a greater percentage of the forensic techniques relied on the prosecution team had never been permitted in any trial in the U.S. Indeed, an average juror lacks such an advanced expertise to distinguish surrounded by junk science and good science therefore the Court expunges then to eliminate dubious evidence. However, there could have been a mistake made by jurors in this particular elimination of the dubious evidence The Court juror never bought the evidence and attempted to validate the functionality of the system. Therefore, the states case had a number of hard questions unanswered leaving the juror with a single option to acquit the accused.Charging somebody with murder must result from the evidence of how she is killed or wherefore one might have killed someone. Also, it calls for where, when why and how someone was killed or might have been killed. However, the prosecutor relied on junk science that had never answered a single question. Indeed,

Inflation and Monetary Policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

splashiness and monetary Policy - Term Paper spokespersonThe only time the US policymakers assume to think astir(predicate) the alien exchange value of the one dollar bill is if the dollar moves in acute fashion if it avalanche as it did in the 1960s and 1970s (Mayer, p. 62, Truman figuring Books) or, for example, if the top amount of the dollar led Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker to apathy the wonky arresting that he was accepting from the M1 ambition in aboriginal 1985. The aforementioned attitude is axiomatic in the Feds attrition to inflation targeting. There is an evolving accord that central banks care to b aloneast monetary policy with travel inflation targets. Absolute inflation targets have been a lot of advantageous in countries that accept already accomplished some amount of value stability. Whether sensible or accidental, the advantage of absolute inflation targeting seems to be that the accessible comes to accept that the ambition is a long run aim. Infla tion targeting helps to access believability about continued run objectives. Outside the US, threats to believability are reflected a lot of acutely in the foreign exchange markets (Taylor, 2000). This newspaper discusses inflation and monetary policies in the United States of America as the main topic. The paper also three more subtopics, namely Monetary Policy and Foreign Exchange Policy, The Expectations Channel and Inflation and Interest Rate and InflationInflation and Monetary PolicyStudent Enter the Name and mandate NumberUniversity/College/High SchoolName of the Professor11th November, 2009Main TopicInflation and Monetary PolicyConventionally, monetary authorities are anxious with the control of inflation in about all economies- developed and developing a same. However, the attributes of inflation is altered for developing and developed economies. For accessible and arising economies, area assets are soon enough not absolutely utilized, and abounding application does not e xist, inflation cannot be a long-suffering phenomenon, if it is advised deftly. On the contrary, an attack to barrier the annoyance of inflation may collapse bread-and-butter get along and as an aftereffect bread-and-butter outgrowth may take a back seat. Moreover, if the abridgment is aperture up and amalgam with the apple economy, inflation may get alien as well. In this sense, a multidimensional access of the monetary action is added relevantEconomists and monetary action makers accede that the abiding ambition of the monetary action have to chronicle to abiding inflation, and this can be accomplished through acclimation the money supply (Stock, p.102,Washington DC). The implications of monetary action on advance of output, unemployment or absorption ante is about nil in the long-term, although in the concise these may be affected. This is added in case of developed economies area abounding application already exists and the absolute advance amount is absolutely abutting to the abeyant advance rate. However, in a developing abridgement like India, an access in money accumulation and adjustment through monetary action assuredly leads to college bread-and-butter growth, abridgement in unemployment and successful control of inflation. This is because a lot of abeyant for advance still exists in such(prenominal) an abridgement with affluence of assets that are

Consensual Relationship Agreements Case Study Research Paper

Consensual Relationship Agreements Case Study - Research Paper ExampleThe accordant relationship harmony (CRA) involves the two individuals acknowledging that their relationship is voluntary and promising to behave professionally while at the place of spiel. They also agree to behave ethically, therefore not offending other employees with their behavior discrimination between them is discouraged. Moreover, the involved parties at the workplace are required to sign the consensual relationship agreement and abide to its rules and regulations.However, workplace romance can at times compromise the employees concentration, especially when the two lovebirds work in the same place. According to Amaral (2006, p.1), the mixture of genders in the places of work and time spent together creates means for growth of romantic feelings towards the employees, which yields to significant consequences. Most managers are sued by their employees for sexual anguish and failed relationships. Therefo re, CRA works as a savoir for employers in such situations. In addition, a relationship that has the potential of yielding to a casing is not worth it therefore, CRAs creates a balance between individual interests.According to Amaral (2006, p.1), office romance has spartan repercussions such as low productivity, as other employees believe that the boss is favoring his partner who is an employee. Therefore, in my afterlife workplace, I would recommend the use of consensual relationship agreements, as their rules oppose favoritism and encourage professionalism. Upon sign this agreement, the involved parties are expected to comply with the rules and regulations of the CRAs.Consensual relationship agreements also reduce legal issues associated with sexual harassment. Upon signing a consensual relationship agreement, the parties attest that they are in the relationship voluntarily, and therefore, sexual harassment is out of question. In addition, CRA ensures that a relationship ends amicably,

Answer the quastions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer the quastions - Assignment ExampleThe use and maintenance of these technologies in governance depends mainly on the human mental imagerys. By focusing on heap, cheeks ensure that all other elections in the organization, including business technologies, are fully and effectively utilized. Secondly, managing the human element ensures that organizations fully understand and modify the attitudes spate have towards new technologies and the organization in general. As a result, organizations are able to understand peoples fears and concerns, thereby making necessary adjustments if needed. If people cannot embrace and accept these technologies, then the chances of an organization bring home the bacon are greatly reduced. Finally, as businesses attempt to gain a competitive edge over their rivalries, it is careful that focus is given to people. Nearly all organizations have access to the same technologies, and therefore no organization can effectively gain a competitive edge b y focusing on engineering alone. People are therefore an important resource in any organization and consequently, this critical resource needs to be effectively managed. In the modern competitive world, having a properly managed human resource is vital to

Future business needs of reverse logistics Research Paper

Future business needs of wrench logistics - Research Paper ExampleIt is becoming a concern in the modern day fork out chain that retailers should try to incorporate reverse logistics into supply transactions and should not treat them as one-on-one or minor cases. The management in lace should also strive to link up the variant transactions in the supply chain to be in line with reverse logistics.The statistical suss out put to work can be of great help in the shaping the future of reverse logistics. This persona of approach emphasizes on the end quality of a particular product. This plow emphasizes on efficiency and meets that the in demand(p) end goal is met with minimized waste and increased efficiency. This approach takes two stages the first stage is the commencing of the process while the second stage is the frequent application of this process. The statistical control process commonly makes consumption of machine, man, material, and method in the manufacturing proces s (Dekker et al., 2004).. Since this method of production emphasizes on the quality of production, it puts a keen delight in the initial stages of this production method. This emphasis is to ensure that there is efficiency in the production process rather than correction of mistakes made at a later stage. This process can therefore skunk reverse logistics into the initial programme of the supply chain to make the process more efficient and effective. The amount tenets that the statistical control method applies are control charts, the stable process, and the excessive variation procedures to obtain the coveted results.According to Dyckhoff et al. (2004), the leadership put in place should be in a position to ensure that the process is not only efficient but also put across counter good time procedures. The main aim of leadership in position is to ensure that the return of merchandise is swift, less dear(p) and convenient to both the manufacturers and the customers. The leaders hip should ensure that there is avoidance of the return of already

Managerial Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managerial Final Exam - Essay ExampleIf the evoke reckon is increased from 5% to 7%, and the engage is paid annually, the amount that allow for be take in subsequently 5 old age will be more than the amount that was earned at the order of 5%. This is because there are more proceeds from the increased interest rate as compared to when the interest rate is reduced. Therefore the amount realized after 5 years will be $14,025.52 and $19,671.51 after 10 years as explained above.21. For this bond, at 5% interest, the value will be $813.53. this value will keep increasing as the interest rate decreases, this is because, during the calculations, increase in the interest rate tries to decrease the total value that is achieved at the end of the calculation. Therefore, at 4% interest, the value will increase to 4851.927 and $935.731 at 2% interest rate.22. One would definitely go for an investment that pays 30% after 5 years than go for one that costs 0.5% per month after 5 years. This is because the it is better foe an interest rate to that matures after a long period of time since the cumulated earnings to be paid will be more than if the interest were small and is only paid

'Teams are seen as a necessary condition in contemporary Essay

Teams are seen as a indispensable condition in contemporary organisations, but are they effective - Essay ExampleA police squad behaves in a peculiar behavior which moves toward a specific goal. The performance output given by a team is always frontward of that given by an individual. Generally a team comprises of many a(prenominal) people focusing on a specified target. The individuals in a team leave behind be having individual skills. Thus a team is a collection of strengths and good range of abilities. Because of this reason, in a team, for every situation there will be at least a person who can deal with it. Also in a team flaws or pitfalls can considerably be spotted and corrected. As there are many persons focusing on a same target they will be very cautious active every move and hence the mis wipe out done by an individual will be easily found by another one. (Scholtes et al. 2003). So, this paper will discuss how teams are seen as a necessary condition in contemporar y organizations and how they are effective for organizational process, and how effectiveness can be but optimized.In an efficient team, the ultimate indebtedness is rested on everyones shoulder. And the team is structured in such a way that whoever having strength in a specified area takes more responsibility in that area. One more interesting fact about a team is Motivation. A powerful motivating force is created amidst a good team. It never let its team mates to go down. Also it makes the team members feel proud to be a part of such a team. (West 2002, 9). Teams, likewise have another face for it. That is Team conflict. Conflicts are often mistaken within a team which is a bitter fact to be accepted. But conflicts too could period of play desirable, provided the team members check into a conflict as an outcome of indifference in their thoughts or views. And after that they have to take relevant actions on how to overcome that indifference. When such kind of attitude started d eveloping amidst the team members, conflicts even turn to be a positive factor in a team hunt down. (West 2002, 9)Self directed work teams are empowered

Child labor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Child promote - Essay ExampleChild labor is such an epidemic that has interpreted its toll in almost every society of the world with varying degrees of severity and figures. 2. Child repulse International bargain Union Confederation defined kid labor as any body of work that hinders in the maturation of the true potential, acquisition of dignity and that may obscure the physical and mental harvest-tide of a child (1). There exist many types of child labors across the world agricultural work, industrial work, lifting goods etc. International Labor Office Geneva provided the figures that around 211 million children were known to be active in full time child labor jobs in the year 2000. According to International Trade Union Confederation, every individual under the long time of 18 is considered to be a child, however the age bracket of the children included in this statistic were from 5 to 14 years of age (1). This figure does not point include the children who might be worki ng on shifts basis for lesser durations in a day. This awful figure serves to make one realize the severity of this situation. 3. Causes and Solutions of Child Labor According to this publication by International Labor Office Geneva, the presence of child labor is lesser in developed countries as compared to the developing ones since developed countries have been recorded to have 2% of child labor and developing nations possess as much as 30% of child labor. One factor that can explain the all-inclusive differentiation between these figures is poverty. Udry agrees with this factor and stated that many economists believe that poverty is a major boldness that compels the parents to send their children to participate in earning for the household (2). However, the eradication of poverty cannot simple be the solution of child labor it must be accompanied with the creation of awareness of the hazardous causes of undermining the value of education and development of mental growth of th e child. It is often witnessed that undereducated parents do not consider child labor as any wrong conduct and impose the decision of work upon their children. It seems as a natural operation in their lives since their ancestors have been following the same direction since ages. This causes the poor children to grow up to be uneducated and poor adults who cannot break the vicious cycle and earn a better place and respect in the society. Vandenberg stated that the cost of education tends to become a hindrance in its acquisition and ends up make the children resort to child labor as the choice other than education (15). He also provided a useful figure that pointed out that Kenya took a positive step against the eradication of child labor in 2003 and abolished the fees from primary schools (18). This step proved to get 1.5 million children off from the streets and their work and starting acquiring education. exculpate education is a good approach to reduce child labor but the shor tage of lucre in a family may prove to incline the parents to send the children in the world to earn again. A good strategy to avoid such relapses of poverty can be to regulate effective carrying into action of the minimal wages to ensure that every adult is able to afford a comfortable support without depending on his children to participate in making ends meet. The people or organizations that promote and encourage child labor often

Mussolini's War Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mussolinis War Speech - Essay ExampleSuch regimes flourished during the politically indeterminate period in Europe following the First World War. Italy and Germ both were the most important centers of such fascist g overnments. The arguments that atomic number 18 provided by Mussolini for the war against Ethiopia, a country which they had failed to subdue for around a century argon not scientifically valid. Economically and as far as military might was concerned, Italy would not choose been able to hold up against the might of the Allied powers alone, who supported the League of Nations, which had condemned the attack on Ethiopia (Italy in the Second World War). Mussolinis film that to acts of war, he would reply with acts of war (Mussolini Justifies War Against Ethiopia) is thus, base on his needs to rouse his countrymen and gain their support rather than a scientifically legitimate claim on his part. The text talks of the need to invade Ethiopia at a point of time when the se ntiments of the transnational community were against such an invasion. Italy did not really have the ability to stand against such opposition as was proven in a disastrous manner by the Second World War. Mussolinis claims are based on hope and intuition and not on reports of diplomatic understanding. They are also say at invoking the intuitive nationalist sentiments of the Italians rather than an appeal to their sense of rational understanding. Mussolini reasons with himself about the chances of his victory- while public lecture of France and Great Britain, he speaks about the improbability of their doing so. This is a case of inductive reasoning w presentby he uses detail examples to prove that a certain event would not come about. He also rejects responsibility for any act of violence that may follow an act of violence upon Italy. This is an example of causal reasoning whereby he talks of retribution on the part of the Italians would be the effect of violence on the part of ot hers. Mussolini here shies away from responsibility and this was one of the important characteristics of the fascist regimes that developed during the interwar geezerhood. The regimes that came up during this period led their tidy sum into war they were, however, unable to ensure that their people would come out of the war unscathed. Italy and Germany spent many years following the Second World War trying to recoup from its effects. The process of rebuilding took great efforts on the part of the German and Italian people. When Mussolini says that the people of Italy had been impressed by the work of the fascists, he means it to be an example of deductive logic. When he says that fascism was a spectacle that history had not seen till then, he means it to be the premise that along with the premise of the effectiveness of fascism led to the twenty million people of Italy gathering in concert in support of Mussolini and the institution of fascism. The techniques of logic and reasoning are employed in a very effective and convincing manner by Mussolini. The power of oratory that shines through his entire speech was a feature that was very important in his journey to success. This was important in the consolidation of his power of Mussolini over the people of Italy. The Italian people were swayed in a manner that was similar to the way in which the Germans were swayed by Adolf Hitler in later years. The promise of economic development was a major reason as to why people were misled in

The Importance of Transformational Leadership During a Company Crisis Research Paper

The Importance of Transformational Leadership During a Comp all Crisis - look into Paper ExampleThe Importance of Transformational Leadership during a Company Crisis The Case of Wal-Mart Background of the Study A great deal of research on leadinghip has been carried out as such concept has been associated with a wide range of factors including the process of decision making, leader-follower interaction, and goal bringment and accomplishment, to name a few (Steane, Hua, and Teo, 2003). The ideal that the concept of leadership can make significant contribution for research and development has been widely adjudge by academicians and organizational leaders alike. Due to the rapid changes in globalization and technological trends, there has also been an increase in the need and attempt of companies to place more efforts in retaining a strong custody while addressing the complex demands and preferences of their customers (Nielsen, Randall, Yarker, and Brenner, 2008). Because of thes e concerns, organizations have identified the need to impressively implement leadership, especially as it has been oft linked to favorable outcomes such as an increase in performance, effectiveness, and commitment as well as improved organizational success. Hence, effective leadership becomes a crucial necessity for any company. Innovation and creativity alone may not be sufficient enough to address both internal and outdoor(a) pressures while the implementation of various policies and practices do not always necessarily learn effect unless effective leaders are made. Leaders must possess the values and objectives that are necessary to instigate any needed change while retaining an empowered workforce to help achieve success (Jung and Sosik, 2002). The vision that they establish and the values that they live out and demonstrate to their followers plays a relevant role when such leaders make decisions that will impact the entire organization. Majority of leadership studies have indicated that transformational leadership can be the most effective form of leadership to bring about change in any theme of individuals by positively inspiring these people to create the necessary change for their success (Conger, 1999). Leaders who take the transformational approach are generally capable of motivating their followers to embrace such changes, improve their performance, and be prepared to open up to new practices, all for the better of the organization (Avolio, Zhu, Kho, and Bhatia, 2004). Company Background and comment of the Crisis Sam Walton founded Wal-Mart Stores Inc. in 1962, with its first headquarters located in Bentonville, Arkansas. It was first known across the coupled States as the largest grocery retailer and has actually expanded to take on a total of 8,500 in 15 countries, with the stores taking a different name. For instance, in the United Kingdom, the stores are known as Asda, while in Mexico, some stores are known as Walmex, while India has ta ken to the name Best Price (Buerkle, 1999). Among the crises plaguing Wal-Mart include a negative image with regards to how it pays its workers. According to an article published in Bloomberg Businessweek, Wal-Mart has been struggling to improve its story because of the low wages it has been known to

Does Successful Internal Communication at the Time of Change Result in Coursework

Does Successful Internal Communication at the Time of Change Result in a Motivated Workforce - Coursework ExampleInformation engineering science provides several options for this. E-mails, intranets and other innovations help in meeting the high demand of dialogue during such clock time of alteration within the organization (Wojtecki and Peters, 2000). Face to face communication besides might help a lot to sort out the differences. There have been mostly separate studies about leadership and line communication. According to McKenna (2000), leadership is an art that can get the optimum work required for the organization. The leader also communicates the organizations goals to his police squad members. He does not discuss the communication that is more important between the leader and the team and the effectiveness when such communication occurs in an in titular way that leads to more interaction and hence develops a bond with each employee and all together leads to commitment.Mo st of the studies so far have taken the formal side into consideration. In Contemporary issues in management and organizational behavior (Peter, Poole and Jones, 2005), the whole cycle of Team-leadership has been portray in analyzing group decision- making and learning. Later, a global perspective has been given. According to Robert E. Hoskisson, Organisational Structure specifies the firms formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, and authority and decision-making processes. (Hoskisson, 2008, p.100) This accrues to the basic framework of assigning roles, allocation of resources and provides a basis for cooperation, coordination, and communication among the organizational hierarchy. (Hoskisson, 2008). Harris and Hartman discuss the problems of Grapevine. According to them, it is not a dependable source and cannot provide full randomness and may be distorted. (Harris & Hartman, 2002).

Poverty in modern life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 188

Poverty in modern life - Essay ExampleThere atomic number 18 many reasons for this problem and many solutions. The main cause of this problem is social stratification, where the poor people be condemned to their poverty. The rich continue enriching themselves by using their power and authority while the poor continue world poor. Income inequality caused by social stratification, political issues and poor scotch policies lead to increased poverty among the minority members of the society. In addition, this problem happens due to lack of information about microfinance and banking in the society. Information asymmetry leads to forgetful information by the members of the society which could be used to make appropriate financial and stinting decisions in order to come out of poverty. Lastly, this issue is caused by governments inability to implement public policies effectively. There argon three primary solutions to this issue. The first solution is the government should establish e ffective systems of financial and economic empowerment. A country that has people that are development conscious can least find itself in situations of war and other forms of violence. Therefore, governments should piddle favorable policies that enhance business growth and peaceful co-existence among all people. In my opinion, economic empowerment is the only way that people can understand ways of identifying and providing solutions to social needs. Secondly, the government should create regulations to control financial markets so that they provide financial services effectively to all members of the society. For instance, the government should site banks to lower their lending rates to small and medium businesses to allow them to invest and provide financial and economic security to members of the public.

The Prairie is My Garden and The Old Settlers Essay

The Prairie is My Garden and The Old Settlers - Essay ExampleComparing these two artworks, it would be worthy to accord that the artist mastered to use almost the same background but the individuals depicted ar perfectly different. Different is the weather, colors, and width of brush strokes. Both works are magnificent and authentic. Both of them depict the purpose of their creator. Dunn himself was a son of homesteaders, probably this was a reason for his aspiration for painting prairies and small houses. There are houses placed not far away, on the line of the horizon. The line of the horizon lies upper than the middle come apart of the painting. The lines are clear, the prairie is performed with the help of the wide brush strokes, small details on people are more(prenominal) accurate. The shapes looks very natural, the plain prairie is connected with right angles of the houses and the roundish shapes of a woman and a girl. The heavy burthen of a land is balanced with the l ight sky. The lightest part of the painting is the sky. Overall impression of the painting is light. It is a day time and everything is rather light and bright, and the weather is good. The space is shown three-dimensional due to the usage of the lieu houses seem to be small and people are big. Colors are mild, the balance is reached due to the patch of the ground and objects, the emphasis is put on the human figures. The second artwork, The Old Settlers, also oil on canvas, depicts the two old people, a man and a woman, who are standing near each other. They are also located in the prairie. .

My Dream Essay Example for Free

My Dream EssayHello everybody, im Doan Phuong Ly and i have been analyze at Saigontech since 2012. My main major is Business Management. And i will have 2 more semesters to pause this program.I do really enjoy the business so that after graduating from this college , i hope that i can afford myself to attend the higher business program like MBA or rather , i will attend some Advanced Diploma certification which is necessary to my business in the future. As a person who are interested in business, i need to know the essential inevitably and basics of business so when i joined this course i feel it seems very expedient and necessary to achieve my goals in my give life now and in the future.Eventhough, this course is short barely it includes alot of content about the business such as the business environment, how to creating financing marketing and managing a business.In my life now, i have quite a lot of problems when i want to open my deliver business, such as opening my f ashion shop, ive met quite a lots of trouble to identify and produce out the best way to reach to my purpose.Fortunately, when participating in this course, there are too some things in books and also my instructor support a lots of business knowledge. It helps me to apply to my business work now, and if i can go further, i can understand the economic situation so that i may manage my business more effectively and i will achieve much advantage in my future.

Internal and external environment Essay Example for Free

Internal and external environment endeavorIntroduction Internal and external environment of each comp some(prenominal) is a concept of poles apart. The knowledge of mankind is influenced by respective(a) factors that atomic number 18 surrounding the environment in which that an individual is placed. A continuous and besotted improvement is the order of the day for increasing the human efficiency in working environment. THE modern origin man is the true heir of the old magicians. Every thing he touches seems to increase ten or a hundredfold in value and usefulness. All the old methods, old tools, old instruments have yielded to his transforming go game or else been discarded for new and more effective substitutes.In a thousand industries the profits of to-day be wrung from the wastes or unconsidered trifles of yesterday(Scott, Walter Dill, 1998 Increasing Human Efficiency in Business, Chap. I. pg. 1) The era of computerization is agreement based approach at every level o f working, whether it is in business, management, information technology or any industrial and social sector. The adherence to administration has been fruitful in all aspects and also in localization principle the risk aras that can be monitored to avoid such risks with appropriate standards of management techniques and tools.Definition of carcass and managers adoption of principles of system A system is defined as an organized, unitary whole calm of two or more interdependent parts (subsystems) where the whole contains identifiable boundaries from its environment (suprasystem). The practice of system is based on system principles and methods which argon to be understood by a manager are (1) Define corporation as a system (2) Establish system objectives (performance criteria) (3) Identify wider systems (environment).(4) Create prescribed subsystems (including a humanistic, psychosocial subsystem (5) Integrate the subsystems with the whole system (if not the subsystems thems elves, whatever interrelates them with other subsystems. There are various aspects that are co-related with systems approach in terms of management of external and internal environment and how management speculation is applicable in legal matters and what is the status of manager in communication in solving tortuous issues that arise from time to time in both external and internal environment.This is another way of stating that a manager has to be dynamically competitive and work advantageously in both environments with the prop of system theory. Systems theory as prescribed above, requires a complete in-depth understanding about working of a company apart from day to day analysis of performance within and outside environment of a company.The tools that are effective in measuring and managing the affairs of a company are viz., time management, risk management, egress chain management, team management, customer relation management, operation management, management of information s ystems, decision supportive systems and organisational behavior. A continuous persisting efforts of a manager produces emergence of new ideas and strategies apart from assisting in identifying account areas of a problem. It can also be stated that problems produce some of the best systematic ideas that are recognized as best strategies in the long term for the benefit and growth of a company.And opus the body is confined to one planet, along which it creeps with pain and difficulty the thought can in an instant transport us into the most distant regions of the universe or even beyond the universe, into the boundless chaos, where nature is supposed to lie in total confusion. What never was seen, or heard of, may to that degree be conceived nor is any thing beyond the power of thought, except what implies an absolute contradiction.But though our thought seems to possess this unbounded liberty, we shall find, upon a nearer examination, that it is really confined within very set ap art limits, and that all this creative power of the mind amounts to no more than the faculty of compounding, transposing, augmenting, or diminishing the materials afforded us by the senses and experience(Raleigh, N. C Alex Catalogue, An Enquiry concerning Human understanding, Sec. II. The origin of ideas, pg. 11) Ideas are the final output of idea process, which has to undergo a brain storming session, group discussion and after several workshops, a company launches a new product.

How Do We Know Something Is True in the Arts and Science Essay Example for Free

How Do We Know Something Is True in the Arts and Science showHey Jamie Ive been wondering for a while now how you eject really get laid if something in fine art or earthy sciences is confessedly.? I mean when you look at a second of art or lets say the way atoms connect with each other(a), or how the gravity exits, how do you hold up its all current? Obviously there are laws that are attached with these things, however how arouse you be sure if what the law states is true?JamieYoure pretty much right about that, only if I think its not about the truth for now first there should be some kind of idea or a belief, before it can be confirmed, right? I mean, for instance Newton came up with the idea of gravity when an apple fell on his head, remember? It do him think about it more and more until the conception of some kind of force that affects everything on worldly concern popped into his mind, hardly I dont think art works the same way mollyRight Arts on the whole d ifferent thing. Natural science deal some rules they work with, even though there in all probability are some we still dont know about, however we can notice something that happens the certain way. The rules are true. Well people, or rather scientists assign so, but they are based on long-term observation and other research, right? JamieRight If someone is absolutely certain that something is true, is it because this is the way he sees it or seeing it equals believing it is true? MollyWell Thats a good question.Ive heard that there are some ways to know that something is true like Ive mentioned before, observation, or rather a sense of perception, is one of them, but there is as well reason and language that suggests people which is the objective, factual or relative truth. Its more connected with natural sciences, however when it comes to art the way one can tell something is true is slightly different. JamieHow so? I mean I dont get what your point is. MollyLook, if you h ave a piece of art, lets say a picture of a battle, okay?The one who painted it, probably had some kind of knowledge about the battle he was drawing, right? JamieI think so MollySo, lets say, there is a person the picture revolves around, some kind of cracking figure, a king or other known man. The author of the painting indigenceed to show banausic people the greatness of the person he pictured in the centre of his work. And there is a bouffant chance that the person wholl look at this exact piece of art, will think Oh, that man was so great. , but how can he or she know it is true that he was as great as the author represent him?Then, we could post a work of another author, the same battle, and there will be no person who will attract your attention at first, just the way the battle looked like, departed people, blood on the ground and other realistic fragments. If I was the one comparing these two pictures, Id get a feeling that the first artist suggested the greatness of the man he portrayed because he was paid or had to do so, while the second one would be more true to me, because it would probably show the facts at some point. JamieOh I see what you mean nowHmm I have a feeling that in the end art and natural science are somehow connected when it comes to knowing the truth Molly Okay, now you got me confused. How can they be connected? Explain? JamieOh look If you take our chemistry book, youll find there all kinds of described experiments, right? However it is rare to find the outcomes of these experiments in the book. MollyYeah? JamieAnd when you listen to your chemistry teacher, and hell tell you before you do the experiment that the production of the reaction should smell the certain way, as lets say Hydro-sulfuric acid smells like smelly eggs.After finishing your research and experiment you would probably note that the smell of the acid was of rotten eggs, because this is what has been suggested by your teacher, right? MollyOh, now I see ho w its connected to art. Some kind of financial statement can be suggested to you and you are very likely to believe it, however, wherefore you could find some other research that declines what your teacher claimed or that the guy portrayed in the picture was great. JamieYes Exactly But then there arises a new question. MollyHuh? What question?JamieCan we be sure of what people claim to be true to be actually true? MollyRight In the end I think we are should stick to the rules that have been stated in the past, because they seem to be true, however afterward you said that Im starting to doubt everything I know JamieSorry for that Didnt want to make you confused MollyNo, it was actually pretty interesting JamieYup But I think we can never be in 100% sure of what is true when it comes to art and natural science. MollyYeah, totally agree with you on this one.

Charles Dickens most famous Bildungsroman novel Essay Example for Free

Charles ogre most famous Bildungsroman refreshed EssayHow Does daemon Presentation of fleck as a young boy contrast to wrap up as an cock-a-hoop?Great Expectations is one of Charles Dickens most famous Bildungsroman novel. This story is serialised in journals from 1860 1861. It was make chapter at a time therefore would leave e really chapter at a cliff-hanger.Due to this novel being published in journals it made this semi-autobiographical narrative available to the mass of stack soaring its popularity.The main theme of this novel is associated with the main concomitantors of Victorian era Being Gentlemen Education and Crime and Punishment. Dickens was a social re mountainer and would therefore base his narratives on his concerns for the social laws. Great Expectations was an example of this. This story is based on photograph, the main character, and how his life changes as he comes into possession of a lot of money from an unknown benefactor respite the wall of soc ial mobility on his way to become a Gentleman.The whole try on shows the retrospective view of Pip looking back on his life. Furthermore most of the events experience by Pip could besides be his past experiences. This is why Great Expectations is Charles Dickens most semi-autobiographical piece of writing.This general aim of this essay is to describe the way Pip was presented as a young boy and later on in his life by this worldwide known author, Charles Dickens.The key scenes in this novel which will be analysed in detail. The chosen key scenes are chapters 1-8 where Pip is growing up as a young pull the leg of and ahs his first encounter with the convict. The significance of these chapters is that it shows Pips childhood and also describes his first meeting with Magwitch, who plays a huge berth in this novel.The central point of this report will be focused on chapter 27-38. This shows Pip as a young gentleman. This is very vital as it shows the way Pip has changed from his chi ldhood ways. In these chapters it shows when Pip is reunited with his benefactor.The Last key scenes will be chapter 57 and 58. This is when Pip is comes to chokeher with Joe hoping to propose to Biddy. The significance of this is that Joe is vent to get married to Biddy therefore Pips reaction to this news is very interesting.Pip was bought up an orphan. The solo living family member of Pip was his sister Mrs Joe Gargery. My first fancies regarding what they were like were unreasonably derived from their tombstones This quotation emphasis the fact that Pip was an orphan who had never seen his parents and is an example of dual narrative as it is quite humorous barely also sad at the same time. At the arising of the play Dickens makes the readers fell tender towards Pip. This makes the readers like Pip throughout the story no matter what he does.In the Victorian geological era being an orphan was very common. It meant they had no prospects for the future, would be illiterate an d would therefore lead a very poor life. They would usually be homeless or taken in by gentlemens to be their slaves. I was at that time undersized for years and not very strong. This quotation shows that Pip had a wish of prospects which emphasised he came from a poor background. The term undersized could be used for physical damage still also could be used that he had no say in the community as he was a child and he had no say generally as him and his family were very poor.Charles Dickens reversed these points about a poor person and made social mobility possible for Pip.At the beginning of the narrative Pip is a naive young boy who has no knowing of the outside world. more or less of this is due to being brought up without education. Education in that era was very important as and the rich could afford it. This immediately brought up the aspect of class issues in this novel. Education led to people being in a higher social group to those who werent educated and possibly shape d their future.Pip suffered abuse from many people. He was bought up by hand by his sister Mrs Joe. She had a genius for this. This showed that Pip was brought with discipline and wouldnt dare to do a thing wrong as he would get punished for this. Another quotation that explains that Mrs Joe beats Pip to teach him manners and discipline is Be satisfying boy to them which bought you up by hand. Whats worse shes got the tickler with her, this quotation shows how much Pip feared the tickler and getting beaten by Mrs Joe.As well as receiving physical abuse from Mrs Joe he received communicatory abuse from many family friends such as Mr Pumblechook and also Estella. It was from the Victorian times that the saying Children should be seen but not heard was created. This saying applied to Pip. Many guttural sounds were used to describe the abuse that was inflicted upon Pip such as rampage. This emphasises the un-human like behaviour of Mrs Joe towards Pip.

Prison Violence Essay Example for Free

prison house house house house Violence EssayIncarceration range rose to unprecedented aims in the history of the U.S.s imprisonment. thitherfore, misgiving about amicable control of the incarcerated, that is, prisoners behavior, has increased. High inpatient disciplinary infractions, peculiarly raving mad infractions, ar a threat to the safety of prison, of correctional stave, and of other yardbirds. Nevertheless(prenominal)(prenominal), the issue of discipline in prison is important from an stinting perspective, because an estimated clean cost per infraction at a medium protection prison is $970 (Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). For these reasons, Jiang Fisher- Giorlando conducted a interrogation to help explain boisterous incidents, incidents against correctional staff and incidents against other inmates in prison. Identifying the risk factors of inmates to commit godforsaken acts of bumble is of great importance to prison administration. This type of res earch can assist in the compartmentalisation process of inmates entering institutions as closely as the ongoing classification adjustments of inmates already in custody.This knowledge will rate and investigate factors for violent institutional misconduct. These factors include however, be not limited to race, age, education and employment, family ties, continuance of sentence, security level, prison environment and gender. The hypotheses of this study are1. Violent prison misconduct is much prevalent among African-American and Hispanic inmates than Caucasians or any other ethnic group. 2. Inmates who are residing in maximum-security facilities are much violent than inmates residing in medium or minimum-security facilities, especially towards correctional staff.Literature Review lavationSeveral studies were conducted to examine the role of race in inmate adjustment process and prison misconduct, especially prison violence. There were indications that there is a direct huma n descent betwixt race and violent prison misconduct. Those findings support theories much(prenominal) as prison adjustment and subculture of violence, which say that minority groups fixhigher rates of violence in prison society than white inmates (DeLisi et al., 2004 Griffin Hepburn, 2006 Gillespie, W., 2005 Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002 Steiner Wooldredge, 2009). According to Wayne Gillespie (2005), Caucasian inmates appear less likely to engage in most types of misconduct compared to African American and Hispanic inmates. Blacks are more likely than Whites to evoke protective violent responses to perceived dangerous situations or threats of physical injury by aggressive, violent behavior aimed at protecting self or preventing retaliation (Gillespie, W., 2005).AgeAge and prison violence had an inverse relationship. The older inmates were, the less likely they were to be involved in violent prison misconduct. Younger inmates were significantly more likely to be involved in violent prison misconduct. This relationship was widespread throughout all the studies (Cunningham Sorensen, 2007 DeLisi et al., 2004 Griffin Hepburn, 2006 Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2005 Ruddell et al., 2006 Sorensen Cunningham, 2008).Education and EmploymentResearch shows an inverse relationship between level of education and rates of prison misconduct. As level of education increased, involvement in violent prison misconduct decreased (Cunningham Sorensen, 2007 DeLisi et al., 2004 Wooldredge et al., 2001). As stated by Wooldredge, Griffin, and Pratt (2001), inmates who were employed prior to incarceration were less likely to be involved in violent prison misconduct. This group was more invested in conforming because they had more to lose. Inmates who worked prior incarceration were more likely than other inmates to be concerned with going crustal plate and continuing employment.Family Ties favorable and family support was inversely think to violent prison misconduct(Cunning ham Sorensen, 2007 DeLisi et al., 2004 Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2005 Wooldredge et al., 2001). Inmates with less social and familial support committed significantly more acts of serious prison violence (DeLisi et al., 2004). Moreover, inmates who made and get more telephone calls from children were less likely to commit violent rule violations (Jiang, Fisher-Giorlando Mo, 2005).According to Jiang and colleagues (2005) inmates with strong family ties had more to lose if they were involved in violent prison misconduct. Sources of family support included mail, telephone calls, and visitations. Rule violations could takings in loss of visiting privileges, which is a strong source of strengthening family ties.Length of SentenceThe relationship between length of current sentence that inmates are serving and violent prison misconduct is debatable. Inmates with shorter sentences were more likely to commit violent acts. Short term sentenced inmates were usually younger and they still pos sessed a street mentality. Inmates with longer sentences were usually older and appeared to better understand the need to co-exist with other inmates as swell up as correctional staff (Wooldredge et al., 2001).Security LevelSeveral studies showed that security level is a forecaster of rule violation (Camp et al., 2003 Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002 Steiner Wooldredge, 2008). To be more specific, inmates residing in working cell-blocks and dormitories are less likely than are those in lock-down cell-blocks to commit violence and incidents against correctional staff (Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). Prison EnvironmentPrison environment exerts an go on inmate misconduct, especially interpersonal violence (Blackburn et al., 2007 Camp et al., 2003 Steiner Wooldredge, 2008). Research conducted by Camp et al., (2003) indicated thatprisons organizational factors influenced inmates behavior that led to violent misconduct. Furthermore, institutions with in experient staff had greater repor t rime of inmate misconduct. Moreover, prison crowding, as one of the ecological factors, influenced inmate behavior because it produces intermediate psychological states, such as depression that then lead to misconduct (Camp et al., 2003). GenderPrevious studies showed that gender was inversely related to violent prison misconduct (Blackburn et al., 2007 Camp et al., 2003 Wolff et al., 2009). Male inmates reported higher percentage of physical exploitation perpetrated by staff, although percentage of inmate on inmate physical victimization was equal for male and pistillate inmates (Wolff et al., 2009). This suggests gender-patterned interactions between inmate and staff in which male inmates compared to female inmates are more aggressive against spot figures. In summary, what is known from the literature reviewed is that some factors might influence inmates behavior. What is missing is the correlation between those factors and prison violent misconduct, which is addressed by m y study. Key variables identified in the reviewed literature are race, age, education and employment, family ties, length of sentence, security level and prison environment, which are incorporated into the studys methodology as come after and focus group questions. Theoretical ReviewTo explain inmate behavior in prison tierce major theoretical moulds get to been proposed. They are the deprivation, signification, and situational models. A true explanation of violent inmate misconduct lies in a combination of those 3 theories. However, the importation model can be use as the most legitimate singular explanation of violent prison misconduct. The main focus of an importation model is on the influence of pre- prison socialization and experience of the inmate on his/her behavior while beingness incarcerated (Jiang Fisher- Giorlando, 2002). According to Jiang Fisher- Giorlando (2002) inmates behavior can be largely determine by their distinctive traits and social backgrounds. The importation model is a reflection of a pre- prison norms and beliefs system of an inmate rather than a sequel of incarceration in a set (Irvin Cressey, 1962 as cited in Jiang Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). As importation model implies inmate behavior while being behind the bars is an extension of the antisocial behaviors that criminal offenders create in the community (DeLisi et al., 2004).Research DesignThe research design that I used was the analysis of an existing database. I downloaded and analyzed an existing data source from the National Archives of Criminal nicety Data, which can be found at www.ICPSR.org. The data source that I downloaded and analyzed has human action 24642 and the title of it is Census of express and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities. The principle investigator of this study is United States Department of arbitrator, Bureau of judge Statistics, and the time period is January 1st, 2005 to December 30th, 2005. I chose this dataset because it contains t he in changeion needed to do my study on prison violence misconduct.The 2005 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities is the seventh enumeration of State institutions and the one-quarter of Federal institutions sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics and its predecessors. Earlier censuses were completed in 1974, 1979, 1984, 1990, 1995 and 2000. The facility universe was developed from the Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities conducted in 2000. In 2000, data were collected from 84 federal facilities and 1,584 non-federal facilities operating on June 30th, 2000. In 2005, each States Department of Corrections was contacted to identify new facilities and facilities that had been closed since June 2000. Telephone follow-ups were carried out during 2006. in all but one respondent-State of Illinois- participated in the Census.My study determines if in a time period between January 1st, 2005 and December 30th, 2005, the correctional facilities u sed in existing dataset 24642 experienced physical or sexual assaults, misconduct against correctional staff and misconduct against other inmates. The response options for symbiotic variables have values such as 1 which is label Yes, 2 which is label No, and 9 or 999 which is label Missing.This study aims to determine if commutative variables such as race, age, education and employment, family ties, length of sentence, security level, prison environment and gender have a strong correlation with the dependent variables. Data AnalysisFor my analyses, I used SPSS Statistics program in version 18.0. I ran frequencies and descriptive tests on both dependent and independent variables. Moreover, I ran ANOVA and t-test to test how facility security levels and race/ethnicity of the inmates impact or dont the amount of violence.ResultsTable 1 Age of the inmates residing in the facilities during the 1- year period of 2005 (Independent Variable).Descriptive Statistics Frequency percentag e Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 475 26.1 28.6 As seen in Table 2, during the 1-year period of 2005, 28.6 percent of facilities indicated that yes, there were physical or sexual assaults. The other 71.4 percent indicated that there were no physical or sexual assaults. As seen below in Table 3, during the same year period there was an average of just under 16 inmate-on-inmate assaults at facilities. I also ran a frequency table of staff deaths by inmates, but there were very few.Table 3 During the 1- year period of 2005 how many inmate on inmates assaults(Dependent Variable). N Minimum Maximum Mean Y1_BETWEEN 1/1/2005 AND 12/30/2005 WERE on that point PHYSICAL OR SEXUAL ASSAULTS The results in the above tables test my hypothesis about how facility security levels impact (or dont) the amount of violence, using three different measures of the dependent variable physical or sexual assaults inmate deaths and inmate-on-inmate assaults. I ran three ANOVA (analysis o f variance) tests, and the results are shown above. Only the ANOVA tests for Y1 and Y3 were statistically significant. There was no difference by security level in the upshot of staff deaths by inmates, believably because those were low to begin with. However, in equipment casualty of physical and sexual assaults (Y1), these were highest at minimum and low-security facilities (mean =1.91). In terms of inmate-on-inmate assaults, these were highest Maximum/close/high facilities, with an average of nearly 34 assaults by inmates on other inmates in 2005. Table 7 Type of Violence by Race/Ethnicity Y1_BETWEEN 1/1/2005 Y3_BETWEEN 1/1/2005 AND 12/30/2005 WERE AND 12/30/2005 HOW THERE PHYSICAL OR MANY INMATE ON SEXUAL ASSAULTS INMATES ASSAULTS X1_race_white Pearson Correlation -.391(**) .341(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 N 1631 1665 X1_race_black Pearson Correlation -.453(**) .392(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 N 1625 1657 X1_race_ethnicity_Hispanic Pearson Correlation -.290(**) .202(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 N 1450 1479 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).As seen above in Table 7, both White and Black race, as well as Hispanic ethnicity, were statistically significantly related to dependent variables Y1 and Y3. Y2 is not shown in the table format because neither race nor ethnicity was related to staff deaths by inmates. Again, this may be due to the small turn of staff deaths. An odd pattern emerges Y1 (number of physical and sexual assaults) was significantly and negatively related to all three race/ethnicity variables. On the other hand, Y3 (number of inmate-on-inmate assaults) was positively and significantly related to all three race/ethnicity variables. The reasons for this are not clear, but may have something to do with the meaning of the questions asked for Y1 and Y3. As for the size of the correlation coefficient, it is the highest for Blacks (r= -.453 and .392), undermentioned highest for Whites (r= -.391 and .341), and final for Hispanics (r= -.29 and .202).DiscussionTo return to my first original hypothesis that violent prison misconduct is more prevalent among African-American and Hispanic inmates than Caucasians or any other ethnic groupI have to say that my findings only partially support that statement. According to my results violence among or by African- American inmates appears to be the highest, and is followed by violence among or by White inmates. However, violence by or among Hispanic inmates is the lowest comparing it to violence among or by other races. Moreover, my findings on the impact of security level of facility on prison violence were not exactly what I expected because they differ depending on a type of an assault. Therefore, they partially support my second hypothesis that inmates who are residing in maximum-security facilities are more violent than inmates residing in medium or minimum-security facilities, especially towardscorrectional staff. I found that counter to what I expected, super-maximum facilities are not the most dangerous correctional institutions but they have the highest inmate on inmate number of assaults.Findings from this study about how race impact prison violence partially support what I have found previously in the literature review. According to Wayne Gillespie (2005) and my findings White inmates less likely engage in most types of misconduct compared to African-American inmates but not Hispanic inmates. However, my results on the impact of security level of facility and prison violence are interesting because they do support the findings mentioned in the literature review. All the findings suggest that security level does affect the amount of in-facility violence, but that differs by the type of violence.Limitation of the force fieldWhile conducting my research by using existing database I had to face a few problems with it. first of all of all, the database I found had a lot of variables, which had a value t hat was missing. Second of all, when I ran the tests such as descriptive or frequencies it was hard to describe the results because they were confusing. I wasnt sure in some cases if the results showed me the number of inmates or the number of facilities. I tried to go back and find the answers in the codebook, which didnt authentically contain much more information than the database. Moreover, the meaning of the questions that were asked, especially for dependent variables, wasnt clear and I believe it impacted somehow the results of the tests I ran.ReferencesBlackburn, A. G., Mullings, J. L., Marquart, J. W., Trulson, C. R. (2007). The next generation of prisoners Toward an understanding of violent institutionalized delinquents. young Violence and Juvenile Justice, 5(1), 35-56. history ID 1541204006295156. Camp, S. D., Gaes, G. G., Langan, N. P., Saylor, W. G. (2003). The influence of prisons on inmate misconduct A multilevel investigation. Justice Quarterly, JQ, 20(3), 501-53 3. inscription ID 434413761. Cunningham, M. D., Sorensen, J. R. (2007). Predictivefactors for violent misconduct in close custody. The Prison Journal, 87(2), 241-253. Document ID 0032885507303752. DeLisi, M., Berg, M. T., Hochstetler, A. (2004). multitude members, line of achievement criminals and prison violence Further specification of the importation model of inmate behavior. Criminal Justice Studies, 17(4), 369-383. Document ID 10.1080/1478601042000314883. Gillespie Wayne, (2005). Racial differences in violence and self-esteem among prison inmates. American Journal of Criminal Justice AJCJ, 29(2), 161-V. Document ID 972985931. Griffin, M. L., Hepburn, J. R. (2006). The make of gang affiliation on violent misconduct among inmates during the early years of confinement. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33(4), 419-448. Document ID 0093854806288038.Irvin, J., Cressey, D. (1962). Thieves, convicts, and the inmate culture. Social Problems, 10, 142-155.Jiang, S., Fisher-Giorlando , M. (2002). Inmate misconduct A test of the deprivation, importation, and situational models. The Prison Journal, 82(3), 335-358. Document ID 003288550208200303. Jiang, S., Fisher-Giorlando, M., Mo, L. (2005). Social support and inmate rule violation A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 30(1), 71-89. Retrieved from http//proquest.umi.com Ruddell, R., Decker, S. H., Egley Jr., A. (2006). Gang intervention in jails A national analysis. Criminal Justice Review, 31(1), 33-46. Document ID 0734016806288263. Sorensen, J., Cunningham, M.D. (2008). Conviction offense and prison violence A comparative study of murderers and other offenders. Crime and Delinquency, 56(1), 103-125. Document ID 0011128707307175. Steiner, B., Wooldredge, J. (2008). Inmate versus environmental effects on prison rule violations. Criminal Justice and Behavioral, 35(4), 438. Document ID 1455568521. Wolff, N., Shi, J., Siegel, J. (2009). Patterns of victimization among male and female inma tes march of an Enduring Legacy. Violence and Victims, 24(4), 469-84. Document ID 1825737261. Wooldredge, J., Griffin, T., Pratt, T. (2001). Considering hierarchical models for research on inmate behavior Predicting misconduct with multilevel data. Justice Quarterly, 18(1), 203-231. Retrieved from http// proquest.umi.com

Gate Keeping Essay Example for Free

Gate Keeping EssayThere are many processes a intelligence service publisher publisher must go through before it can be sold in a establish-and-takeagent and lots of people are involved in making just one phrase. The process that stains this article is called Gate keeping.To begin with, the news is first caught hold of by the news agencies, who then sell the stories to the news media.The copy taster then makes a quick selection of stories they consider news worthy to the paper they are working for, although they only dismiss the obvious non news worthy stories as they dont hold a great deal of responsibility. What they consider qualified they send off to the news editor in chief.It is the news editors lineage to make a definitive judgment if which stories pull up stakes be followed up and which ones will not. They decide what angle to arrive on the bill according to what perceptions they want to portray to the reader. They then select, in their own opinion, report ers and photographers they consider suitable to create the story. However, if the story took place in another county, a foreign news editor will be assigned to this job instead.Photographers and reporters work on the same time scale. They decide how to display the information, and it is their job to research the story before working on it so that they have their facts clear (this also comes into vastness when the story is handed to the grinder editor). This might include going to the site the event took place, going to interviews, hard-hitting the library or the internet. The reporters will then write up the story taking into consideration what the news editor has suggested to them. Their copy must be given to the news editor before the deadline. The news editor will then check it, and make sure it has taken the correct angles and spins. If it has not they will give it back to the reporter with suggestions of how to make it more news worthy.The photographers discuss with the head photographer what photos will be best suited to the story. They then research the story, and their prints must be developed and handed to the picture editor by the deadline stated. It is the picture editors responsibility to crop and enlarge the photos, to best fit the story.Everything is then handed to the sub editor who will then correct spelling and grammar, write eye catching headlines and captions, check that the story is within the law, i.e. so no one can take legal action against the newspaper. They also decide the layout of the article, making sure words dont overlap pictures etc.Everything is then handed to the editor who then writes an newspaper column and is in charge of advertising. Designers are employed to create adverts and work on features.For smaller articles in the newspaper, a features editor is employed.Therefore a newspaper begins at a news agency and end up at a newsagent.

Chemistry Project Essay Example for Free

alchemy Project EssayCaffeine is a natur exclusivelyy-occurring stimulant, show in several go downs. Caffeine is water soluble, and is extracted into the brewed form when preparing teatimetime leaf leaf leaf, deep brown, or some other caffeinated drinks. The most well-known plants comporting caffein are the tea plant, Camellia sinensis, cocoa, yerba mat, and guayusa. Although tea is known to take away a number of health benefits, heavy caffein use is known to have unpleasant effects and negative impacts on health, including anxiety and insomnia, and for this reason many tea drinkers seek to declare their caffein intake. The amount of caffeine in tea tends to be low, but is racy enough to be a matter of concern for plurality drinking vast quantities of tea, as well as people sensitive to caffeine for medical reasons.The Caffeine MoleculeHow much caffeine is in tea?The caffeine content of tea varies widely from one tea to the next, and depends on how the tea i s brewed, but tends to be at heart the range of 15-70mg per 8 ounce transfuse. Caffeine bath overly be measured in name of milligrams of caffeine per grams of dry tea. A teaspoon of dry tea leaves tends to weigh around 2.5 grams, the amount unremarkably apply to make a single cup, although this varies greatly by the type of tea. One arena of the caffeine content of teas (after steeping) found that the caffeine content of tea varied from about 3 mg/g to 30mg/g, which would result in a cup of tea containing between 7.5 mg and 75 mg of tea.In most cases, tea has much less caffeine than coffee a typical cup of coffee contains 80-135 mg of caffeine. However, it is important to none that these figures are per cup, not per overhaul, and in the case of large serving sizes, and also with espresso and other heavily-caffeinated drinks, the caffeine per serving potentiometer be considerably higher. In the U.S. the standard small serving size is 12 ounces. A recent study of commercia l coffee vendors in Australia found that most a quarter of espresso hears contained over 120 mg of caffeine per serving, about 1/8th contained 167 mg or more per serving, and the highest contained 214 mg per serving. The authors of this study concluded that the most often-cited figures on caffeine content of coffee tend to underestimate the actual caffeine content.How much caffeine is safe to consume? To place these figures in perspective, the current consensus of the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists is that it is safe for pregnant women to consume up to 200 mg of caffeine daily. For the general public, the Mayo clinic recommends that 200-300 mg of caffeine daily is safe, but that 500-600 mg daily can pee-pee a number of health problems.If drinking a relatively stronger tea containing 60mg / cup, 8 cups a sidereal day would be a safe amount, or 3 for pregnant women. For a weaker tea, with 30mg / cup, twice this amount would fluent be a safe amount of caffei ne. Keep in mind that distinct people respond differently to caffeine, so an amount that is safe or unpleasant for one person may not be healthy for e reallyone.L-theanine in tea interacts with caffeine In bestowition to caffeine, tea also contains L-theanine theanine can interact with caffeine, allowing a smaller dose of caffeine to have a stronger effect in monetary value of boosting concentration and sharp-sightedness. This may explain why tea seems to provide a stronger boost in alertness for few people than one would expect from its caffeine content alone.Do black, green, or freshn teas contain more or less caffeine? Many tea companies, and even some reputable entities such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, have do misleading generalizations about the caffeine content of broad classes of tea. It is a widespread myth that black tea contains more caffeine than green tea, and another myth that white tea contains the least caffeine of all teas.Studies that have very examined the caffeine content of a large number of different teas have consistently found that caffeine levels vary more among individual teas than across broad categories of tea such as black, white, green, oolong, or pu-erh. A study published in 2005 in the Journal of Food Science listed, among other things, the caffeine content of 77 different teas, and found a broad range of caffeine content among both green and black teas. Surprisingly, the tea in this study that was found to contain the most caffeine was a white tea, solidly dispelling the myth about white teas caffeine content.A more recent study in the 2008 Journal of Analytical Toxicology examined the caffeine circumscribe of a number of teas, and found that they ranged from 14 to 61 mg per 6 or 8 oz serving, with no observable trend in caffeine concentration due to the variety of tea. Very few tea companies have examined the caffeine content of a large number of samples of their teas one that has, Camellia Sinensis Tea H ouse, found similar results, that the caffeine level varies widely from one tea to the next, and does not show clear trends of caffeine levels across different varieties of teas.One possible exception to this observation is that matcha is known to contain very high levels of caffeine, consistently much higher than other teas. This is due in part to higher caffeine levels in the leaf utilise to produced matcha, but it is also due to the fact that, because matcha is a powdered tea, the entire tea leaf is consumed when brewing, so a cup of prepared matcha contains 100% of the caffeine in the leaf.What determines the amount of caffeine in a particular tea?Caffeine protects the tender young leaf buds of the tea plant from being eaten by insects.There are so many different factors influencing the caffeine content of tea, that it is very hard to make generalizations predicting the caffeine content of tea. Caffeine levels vary widely from one particular tea to the next. The only certain wa y to know the caffeine level of a particular tea is to actually test it in a laboratory.Tea can be made from different split of the tea plant, and these parts contain different quantities of caffeine. Leaf buds (tips) and younger leaves are higher in caffeine than older, be on leaves. This pattern can be explained by the fact that, for the tea plant, caffeine acts a natural insecticide, serving to protect the plant against being eaten by insects. Since the tips and tender young leaves are most vulnerable to insects, these parts of the plant are highest in caffeine the older leaves are tougher and then lower in caffeine. sensitive teas such as Yunnan Gold or Silver Needle White Tea (Bai Hao Yinzhen) are thus higher in caffeine than large-leaf teas such as Lapsang Souchong, a black tea (Souchongs are made of mature leaves) or Shou Mei, a white tea.The varietal (cultivar or specific horticultural variety) of tea plant used to produced tea can profoundly affect caffeine levels in te a. Varietal is independent of type of tea (green, white, black, oolong, etc.), and different types of tea can be produced from the same varietal. Variation in caffeine content among different varietals can lead to teas grown under similar conditions, with similar appearance and other qualities, having different caffeine levels. cook can also reduce the caffeine levels in tea. In the 2005 study mentioned above, one particular sample of Hojicha, a Japanese cook green tea, was found to have less caffeine even than some decaffeinated teas. Oolong teas are usually roasted to varying degrees, and can be lower in caffeine, although like all types of tea, oolong teas vary greatly in caffeine content. It should be noted that the roasting processes both for hojicha and oolongs vary greatly, and the caffeine content of most of these teas has not been extensively studied, so it is not safe to conclude that hojicha or roasted oolong is necessarily low in caffeine.The blending of tea with caffei ne-free ingredients to produce flavored teas can result in a lower total caffeine content so long as less total tea leaf is used in the blend. Scenting tea with flowers or flavoring tea with essential oils of plants does not add as much weight as blending with loose herbs, and thus does not lower the caffeine content (by weight) of the blend as much. How you brew tea affects caffeine contentThe quantity of leaf used and the length of time the leaves are steeped both directly influence the caffeine content of the final cup of tea. Using more leaves and steeping for a longer time both increase the caffeine in the resulting cup. Our rogue on brewing tea has more discussion of how to brew tea. Can you decaffeinate your own tea by steeping it briefly in water? Short answer no. A number of sources make the introduce that you can decaffeinate your own tea by making a brief infusion in resilient water, and then discarding this infusion. Unfortunately, this process does not work if it did , tea companies would not have to resort to expensive and twisting decaffeination processes to produce decaf tea. Caffeine tends to diffuse in hot water at the same post as many of the chemicals responsible for the flavor and aroma of tea, so if the tea liquid tastes flavorful, it probably still contains caffeine.Most (but not all) herbal teas contain no caffeine Although caffeine does occur in a number of plants, the overwhelming majority of herbal teas are caffeine free. The most notable exception is Yerba mate. other plants containing caffeine are very rare as ingredients in herbal tea.In addition to exploring other herbal teas, people desiring caffeine-free tea-like drinks might want to try South African rooibos and honeybush, two plants which are often described as being similar to tea in flavor, health benefits, and manner of production.

Factors to consider when designing a web site Essay Example for Free

Factors to consider when designing a network site EssayDue to the high rate of competition and technology advance, any website creating political party aims at giving its costumers a product they will enjoy using. Lafleur trading company a website developing company is not left behind i doing so. In their quest to satisfy their customers they needed to upgrade their modal value of developing website. To encapable them do this lafleur reflected on factors to consider when designing a website.To start with, the company established they need to begin out if they are designing a particular website who was their immediate users, what they would expect to find in that particular web site and the easiness of leaseting what they want. This will be determined by the interphase of the website that is what colours to use, how easy is it to navigate between lafleur website and any related website that might stockpile contact learning about a product advertised in their website (Vu Pr octor, 2011).Designing a unique product is an chief(prenominal) point to consider. In order to get attention of many audience give them a contrary product than what they are used to but one that serves the purpose better than the previous one. This can be achieved by use of different colours but attractive ones ( a page should not contain more than three colours) use of graphics and relevant pictures of what you are advertising also will devote the web site more user friendlyThe most important point to put thoughtlessness is to test your website for errors. Website should be consistent to use and error prone. Contact information pertaining the website should provided so that customers are able to access online information when they so require. Lastly feedback methods to get customers views should be put in place to get customers potion about websites designed by Lafleur Company.ReferenceVu, K.-P. L., Proctor, R. W. (2011). Handbook of human factors in Web design. Boca Raton CRC Press root word document

Challenges Faced by a Country for Economic Development Essay Example for Free

Ch all in allenges Faced by a Coun sweat for frugal Development EssayAn parsimony is flourishing and is shown to be beneficial and fruitful for the people living in it only when the growth of the economy goes up continuously. It is essential for a kingdom to not only increase politically or socially but it also needs to demonstrate economic development in order to sustain in the international market and in order to come ahead of former(a) countries. But it is not very easy for any economy to economically keep growing because an many number of internal and external factors that affect the growth and the economic development and it is essential and of import for the countries to get over the issues and move ahead. there are some very common challenges that are faced by an economy that are discussed below.The presence of external asymmetrys in the global economy is one of the most influential causes that reduce a challenge on the economic development of any country. There throw out be reasons much(prenominal) as political disruptions, changes in import-export scenario or foreign currency reserve changes that can go through to imbalance in a country that is external to an economy. But the disruptions taking place in one country can adversely affect the economy and economic growth of other countries as well.The monetary and financial policies adopted by the government of an economy also have a huge role to institute in the economic development. These policies tend to impact the interest range, money supply and foreign exchange rates of an economy and if the policies are not in the favor of the growth, they can become major challenges and major issues all over the country.Read more Essay About Disadvantages of PopulationThe change in trade situations can also affect the economies. Exports of a country help it in generating external revenues while imports can be done for different purposes such as facilitation of a manufacturing process, providing basic necessities to the people etc. And hence if there is an imbalance in the external trade that is taking place in a country, it can lead to severe turbulence and can adversely impact the economic growth.Other economic factors such as poverty, inflation rate, state also are dependent on an economy and also impact the economy. If a nation has higher level of poverty, it is more likely to have economic challenges and similarly high population is not desired and not advisable for high economic growth. And that is the reason why the governments usually try to avoid these unfavorable situations and try to maintain a balance in the countries by different measures.There are many more reasons why the economies face severe challenge of demonstrating growth and hence it is crucial for the countries to adopt different and new policies in order to avoid these challenges and facilitate growth.Referencehttp//classof1.com/homework-help/international-economics-homework-help/View as multi-page s

Understanding the affordable care act Essay Example for Free

Understanding the affordable grapple act EssayUnderstanding the Patient Protection and Affordable Cargon Act(PPACA or ACA) give the sack be difficult but it is not as confusing as it may seem. This paper go away luxuriouslylight some of the provisions that keep already been implemented and digest discuss how it affects me, wellness billing workers, and the citizens of Arkansas. There be two provisions I will discuss that went into effect on January 1, 2011. One is known as the Medical-Loss Ratio(MLR) and the other is a policy foc designd on Bringing down health care premiums. The MLR policy will localize an end to indemnification companies being able to raise rates without explaining their actions, or justifying the reason for their high premiums.The policy aims to bring transparency to the healthcare rate changes by requiring that all investment bankers seeking rate increases of 10% or to a greater extent in the person or small group market publicly die the propo sed increases and the justification for them. (Insurance Rate Increases, Posted December 21, 2010, para. 4) These proposed increases will be analyzed further by the unnatural state before approval to determine if they are in fact reasonable. The ACA provides livelihood to states in parliamentary law to strengthen or create rate review processes and consumers will be provided with detailed information on proposed increases from their amends provider. The other significant policy made effective at the same time is ane that will bring down the cost of restitution premiums. Under this provision, insurers must spend 80% (for individual or small group insurers) or 85% (for large group insurers) of premium dollars on health costs and claims, leaving precisely 20% or 15% respectively for administrative costs and profits. If an insurer fails to meet this requirement, there is no penalty, but a rebate must be issued to the policy holder. (Key Features of the ACA, n.d.) This affects me by protecting me from unreasonable rate increases. As I get older, I make more patronage visits to a healthcare provider for both acute and chronic illness.The costs add up promptly and with a limited source of income, anything that I can save helps greatly. A common feeling among insurance holders is that we are paying for something that we neer use so the idea of a rebate for overpayment of premiums will be welcomed by all. There is one provision that became effective on September 23, 2010 that was a relief to my family in a time of despair. My mother underwent many procedures and surgeries in thelast few years of her life and we were implicated about limits on annual or lifetime coverage placed on her by the insurance company. Under the law, insurance companies are prohibited from imposing lifetime dollar limits on essential benefits, and their use of annual dollar limits on the amount of insurance coverage a patient may pull in will be restricted. Her aesculapian bills wer e significant, but we never had to worry about her coverage expiring. The American Nurses connecter has fighting for health care reform for many years.By doing so, the ANA is promoting our core value of patient advocacy. We live with been taught that we should represent our patients best interests in regards to healthcare at all times. So supporting measures that will part with for more affordable healthcare, is what nurses should do. The ANA has been working to ensure that RNs are fully included as leaders and worthy health care providers in new, patient-centered, team-based models of care, and accountable care organizations. ANA continues to urge federal agencies to include pass on lend oneself registered nurses as primary care providers, and for nurse-managed clinics to qualify as essential community providers. (Still The Law, August 2012, para. 7) Arkansas has put much effort into forming our Health Insurance Benefits Exchange, called the Arkansas Health Connector. It is a program through which our more than 500,000 uninsured Arkansas can shop for affordable health insurance. The plans are required to offer 10 essential services. Some of which include prescription drugs, emergency and hospital care, doctor visits, maternity and mental health services, rehabilitation and lab services.The Arkansas insurance Department(AID) has been awarded a one year, $1 million planning founder from the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Center for Consumer Information and Insurance Oversight CCIIO) to assistance with studying options for development of the best possible Insurance Exchange for Arkansans. (Planning for HBE, n.d., para. 2) This Arkansas Health Connector makes it easier for uninsured individuals to shop for comparable and affordable health plans. The requirements placed on these plans are also greatly demand in order to provide complete healthcare and prevent future healthcare related costs. The only cons that I will mention are that not enough people know about the availableness of this program and that if people do not already know, they will found out rather abruptly when they are assessed a $95 penalty on their filed income tax return. The ACAoutlines plans to reduce episodic based care and increase population(community) based care. The idea is to provide a higher value of healthcare instead of volume, tour reducing readmissions for nosocomial infections, preventable diseases, or complications from chronic conditions and illnesses.By implementing community based programs to promote healthcare, we can reduce healthcare costs and help patients live healthier lives with reducing the risks of significant and recurring medical problems as well as their associated costs. Regardless of arguments against the ACA, the most important aspect is that it helps Americans to become and remain healthier people. It teaches our next generation to value healthcare, and to take an active reference in being healthi er adults. The ACA will affect me professionally as well as personally. Another provision of the ACA provides for the increase of payments for rural healthcare providers. The majority of communities who are most in need of higher quality and more affordable healthcare, are located in the rural areas of our country. These communities often have trouble attracting and retaining medical professionals. My wife is also a nursing student, and we live in a rural area, so we plan to take advantage of these incentives to provide a higher standard of healthcare to those in need.A similar provision worth mentioning calls for the build of the primary care workforce. In order to strengthen the availability and quality of healthcare, there has been increased funding for scholarships and loan repayments for primary care physicians and nurses working in underserved areas, as well as tax waive student loan payments for these health professionals. (Key Features of the ACA, n.d.) Again this affects my wife and I directly through scholarship opportunities and trim down financial burden after we graduate. Also affecting me is the increase in the number of patients seeking healthcare due to more people have health insurance. This will increase the demand for both registered and advanced practice nurses in episodic based care as well as in the community. Our role as an educator will be more important than ever when teaching patients who have never had affordable health care. There are many arguments against this legislation, but as an aspiring nurse, I have yet to find one that suggests ACA is not the best option we have for making a healthier future for America. ReferencesAffordable care act is still the law. (August 2012). Retrieved from http//www.theamericannurse.org/index.php/2012/08/06/affordable-care-act-is-still-the-law/ Key features of the affordable care act by year. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.hhs.gov/healthcare/facts/timeline/timeline-text.html2010 Planning for th e arkansas health benefits exchange. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//hbe.arkansas.gov/Planning.pdf Shining a light on health insurance rate increases. (Posted December 21, 2010). Retrieved from https//www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Fact-Sheets-and-FAQs/ratereview.html

Health Risk Of Cell Phones

Health Risk Of cellular yell PhonesThe cellular anticipate is a pervasive applied science that has evolved from a luxury item justified just now by the rich businessman to a necessity to some and an addiction to separates. According to Portio Research trammel approximately 4.344 billion cell rallys be in use globally. Since the latter part of 2008 one one-fifth of households in the United States induct chosen this technology as their sole method of voice communication, substitution traditional landline forebodes. Source Fram, (2009). A 2009 Marist Poll found that 87% of U.S. residents say they own a cell mobilise. So what exactly is a cellular tele cry? History tells us that Alexander whole meal flour Bell received the first U.S. patent for a communication kink called the telephone in 1875. This device al down(p)ed a human voice to be transmitted across a cooper wire. We grew up with the telephone and in my generation every house had at least one telephone. The first patent for cordless phone technology was given in 1959 but the technology did not become commercially possible until the breakup of the Ma Bell monopoly in the early 1980s, it was then that several companies started manufacturing wireless phone systems. These cordless phone systems were still connected to landlines but in actuality were two way radios development RF or Radio Frequency technology. Radio waves be part of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation. Todays cell phones use EHF (Extremely racy Frequency) or microwaves which are the same technology our microwave ovens are based on. Because the telephone started out as a safe technology we grew up using, people do not even think intimately the possible negative health consequences of using their cell phone.electric cell phone usage has negative pay off to your health. However when it comes to the health run a insecuritys associated with using a cell phone, thither is conflicting research.Mobile phone technology is new and its launchs are unknown.We have only been using wireless communication technology for the die hard thirty years. on that point are not large luxuriant studies conducted over long enough periods of time to come to the conclusion that this technology is safe. Cigarette smoking and even X-Rays where once thought to be safe, until enough information came to light to prove the dangers of using them. Most of the major studies have been done in countries that have a financial s feign in the manufacturing of cell phones. Interphone is one of the largest studies ever done. It took stain over the pipeline of ten years and include the research of 13 different countries, comprising subjects from the age of 30-59. Even with large studies much(prenominal) as Interphone (which included 14,078 cases), there are on going debates about what the data actually means, consequently with no conclusive results the report remains unpublished. But one thing they all agree on is that more res earch is needed. (Reardon, 2009, para. 6). Another issue involved is that the technology being used is rapidly evolving the on-going incarnation of the cell phone is less than ten years old. The Stewart Report from the International Experts Group on Mobile Phones claims (Stewart, 2000, 40) New Telecommunications technologies have been introduced without full provision of information about their nature and without prior interchange deep down the scientific community about the consequences for health. The research is static while the technology is dynamic.The use of Cell phones increases the risk of pubic louse.Using a cell phone held up against your ear can increase your risk of getting cancer or maven tumors due to the proximity of the radiations source to the head and brain. There are many studies available which indicate a link between various types of cancer and cell phone usage. A study done in Sweden by Dr. Lennart Hardwell confronted that the risk of acoustic neuroma and glioma are increased from 20% (low grade giloma) to 400% (high grade giloma) by long term energetic phone use (10 years), highest risk category being ipsilateral exposure. Source (Harwell, Carlberg, Sderqvist, Mild Morgan, 2007). Dr. Ronald B. Herberman, MD and Director of the University of Pittsburg Cancer name and UPMC Cancer Center testified before the Domestic Policy Subcommittee Oversight and Government Reform Committee My tutelage was directed to a large body of evidence, including expert analyses showing absorption of RF into the brain and the large Bioinitiative Report, review of experimental and public health studies pointing to potential adverse biologic effects of RF signals, including brain tumors, associated with long-term and frequent use of cell phones held to the ear. Source Herberman, R. (2008). Dr Herberman felt strongly enough about the union between increased cancer risk and using a cell phone that he issued a warning to his staff which included 10 detail ed steps to reduce exposure to the RF electromagnetic radiation.Cell phones do not cause cancer.Sources such as the US Food and Drug organization and the American Cancer Society have found cell phone usage has not been at one time linked to an increased risk of brain, and other cancers. The United States Food and Drug Administration is the government role responsible for evaluating and regulating the safety of products that verbalise radiation. These products cover medical to entertainment electronics. The FDA website under the topic of shaft emitting products, health issues, a simple question is asked and answered, Do cell phones pose a health fate? Source www.fda.gov (2010). The answer clearly states the scientific evidence has not proven that cell phones cause cancer or any other health issues. The American Cancer Society has evaluated close to 30 studies which were center on the relationship between tumors and cell phone usage. The results of these studies have been simil ar. Most studies do not show a dose-response relationship a tendency for the risk of brain tumors to increase with increasing cell phone use, which would be expected if cell phone use caused brain tumors. Source www.cancer.org (2010). Certainly these organizations are reasonable and have no financial interest in the outcome of this controversial health topic.Mobile phones emit low-level RF.Because the RF levels emitting are so low, there is no direct link between mobile phones and health issues. According to the FDA cell phone levels of RF are low putting them into the range of microwaves. Microwaves provoke non-ionizing radiation, not to be confused with ionizing radiation such as gamma or x-rays which does have a damaging effect on biologic tissue. The Federal Communications Commission defines a biological effect as a measurable change in a biological system. The presence of a biological change does not translate into something that is biologically harmful. When the biological effect causes detectable impairment of the health of the person or of his or her offspring it is categorized as harmful to ones safety. Source U.S. Federal Communications Commission, site of Engineering and Technology, (1999). These RF levels are only at their peak when actually transmitting and receiving, which limits the come of exposure.The FDA tell that no prove existed that cellular phones are dangerous, however if people still have apprehension there many preventive methods that can be implanted to further decrease exposure to the already low level of RF energy.Cartoon InterpretationIn this cartoon the author is suggesting that user is aware that using his cell phone is dangerous, by the comical way he attempts to protect himself with the metal helmet. In summing up he appears to be discussing these concerns with his physician, who states If youre worried about the dangers of mobile phones why dont you use it less. As with any other type of radiation, the time of the exp osure is one of the factors that determine the patient dose. By suggesting that the patient use his phone less the doctor is re-enforcing this principal. With the advent on new technologies such as mobile internet, text pass along and email people are using their cell phones for extended periods of time and carry them constantly. By round the phone off when not in use the patient could further decrease his exposure. Another model radiation protection uses is increasing the distance between them and the source of radiation. This patient could eliminate the need for his zany helmet by using some ear buds with a microphone. The ear buds would allow him to use his cell phone without having the phone pressed against the temporal bone, which is in close proximity to the brain. Most cell phones today included these ear buds in the box, I know my Blackberry did. The other option is to use the speakerphone which is my personal favorite, peculiarly in the car. I would also recommend he n ot carry the phone on his person, he could simply turn the phone off or put it in Airplane mode when not using it.ConclusionRadiation protection is founded on the premise that there is no safe amount of ionizing radiation. We should apply this approach when thinking about how and when we use our cellular phones even though they emit non-ionizing radiation. whole the negative health implications of long-term cell phone usage are still unknown. Brain tumors take at least 10 to 20 years to manifest themselves. Source Khurana, G. (2008). Taking a lesson taught to us from history with the health issues associated with x-rays and cigarettes, we need to take a more conservative approach when using a cell phone. Cell phones are now rated for how much specific absorbed rate per kilogram (SAR) they emit. There are many sources on the internet that compare the specific absorbed rate of phones from various manufacturers. take on a cell phone model which emits a low amount of radiation to begin with. As consumers we should demand that objective studies be done over a long period of time using a number of subjects significantly relative to the amount of people using this technology. These studies must be conducted by experts in the medical community familiar with studying the mechanism of the causes of cancer. We should pressure our lawmakers to put in place more stringent requirements when it comes to minimizing the specific absorbed rate and improve the design to minimize. While not within the scope of this paper, I would be negligent not to mention the importance of controlling the cell phone usage of our children their bodies are far more susceptible to the effects of RF radiation. Source Khurana, G. (2008). The biggest challenge is to make people understand that no one is asking them to stop using their cell phone. Cell phones are an invaluable communication technology. For your own well being and that of your family please be aware of the dangers and how to limit the effects of them.