Accepting an Expert Claim

Accepting an Expert ClaimArgumentExperts argon individuals or governings proved to be quite knowledgeable and have dictum in a particular knit stitch. Most organizations prefer hiring and consulting experts in contrary skills and service actors line. However, this does not guarantee a perfect result for the organization or the company, as many factors may affect the service delivery by the experts. In such(prenominal) cases, the experts are bound to perform against the expectations. air organizations explore various methods of making conclusivenesss that implement line of reasoning operations. In this work, an arguing is based on the come uping. This paper presents an argument ab place the expert rent in making decisions. In particular, the paper seeks to explain the rationality of accept an expert claim in an event that the expert turn out to be err singleous.It is unreasonable to accept the expert claims without evaluating and examining such claims. Although experts are believed to be more knowledgeable in their areas of specialization, any person assigning duties by the expert remains accountable for their actions. In trading, leader plays a large role in making business decisions which are more effective. For a business to succeed, it relies upon the decisions made by its leaders. Attaining skills in making effective decisions requires intuition, tuition and experience. According to Reynolds (2011), effective decisions should be interpreted, explained, evaluated and study before being executed. to begin with accepting a claim from the expert, the claim should also be examined, analyzed and evaluate properly. Without paying attention to the above process, there is a happen of one facing the consequences of claim taken.Nevertheless, decision making in business involves the following steps. First is the identification of the problem. A specific problem must(prenominal) be revealed before attending to it. Identifying a specific problem enables one to identify a way of solving it. Secondly, the possible solutions for the problem should be well analyzed. This gives a wider range of options that can be considered. In accomplishing this, the decision maintainr impart be able to compare the risks and consider a solution with the lowest risk. Accepting the claims from the experts without considering the risks and the alternatives is unreasonable. The third step is evaluating the probabilities closer to achieving the goal. At this stage, the decision maker can evaluate if the possible solution selected will assist in achieving the right decision. The forth step is making the existing decision (Hew Cheung, 2014). The decision is therefore made having considered many factors therefore, failure to follow this reasonable process in making business decisions, errors are addicted to occur.Business decision making should be a collaborative component that necessitate the contribution of the concerned parties. Experts in a specif ic field are to be consulted on the best way of executing a function. However, some experts may not be experienced enough to fulfill the requirements of a given task. Upon involving the experts in decision making, proper evaluation, examination and depth psychology should be done before a solution is adopted.Furthermore, no affaire the position in an organization, each person is accountable his or her decisions. mentation is a skill that is not naturally endowed but needs to be practiced (Ennis, 2015), and it is the responsibility of everyone to train his/her mind to think critically, and make sound decisions. Reasoning describes ones capacity to think rationally, and making the right business decisions require rational thinking. It is unreasonable enough to take in the opinions from the experts without examining such opinions through rational and critical thinking.ReferencesEnnis, R. H. (2015). Critical thinking A satiny conception. In The Palgrave handbook of critical thinking in higher educational activity (pp. 31-47). Palgrave Macmillan US.Hew, K. F., Cheung, W. S. (2014). Improving Social Studies Students Critical Thinking. In Using Blended development (pp. 59-78). Springer Singapore.Reynolds, Martin (2011). Critical thinking and systems were thinking towards a critical literacy for systems thinking in practice. In Horvath, Christopher P. and Forte, James M. eds. Critical Thinking. New York, USA Nova scientific discipline Publishers, pp. 37-68.

The Operation Of British Petroleum Commerce Essay

The Operation Of British crude anoint Commerce EssayThis witness examines the operation of British oil colour (BP) in the illumine of realized multinational business theories. Two conduct aspects are carry oned sphericalisation strategy and corporate fond responsibility ethical motive. Although certain(prenominal) failings are highlighted BP is assessed to perform optim wholey on both counts. A cultivation is drawn and certain recommendations with respect to the style of question are make in the final talk ofion section.Report ContentsThe report assesses the operations of British Petroleum to establish to which degree the operations of BP are in bourne with related management theory. The bulge starts with a brief introduction on the business of BP. This sets a stage and develops a context for further discussion. The bet on section discusses the research method adopted in the preparation of this project. several(prenominal)(prenominal) methods are explored and the most feasible selected as the method of choice. The third section looks at BPs operations in dickens respects supranational trade and humankind(prenominal)isation strategy, and corporate responsibility and ethics. The final section of the project is a conclusion that summarises the main themes highlighted in the work, noting its achievements and limitations and sets the stage for forthcoming research. At this stage some recommendations are in addition made.IntroductionBritish Petroleum (BP) is a orbicular oil and Gas company with its headquarters in the UK. It is one of the military personnels largest businesses by virtue of its revenues. On is corporate website, it name its ego as one of the worlds largest companies, providing its customers with fuel for transportation, zip for heat and light, retail answer and petrochemical productions for everyday items. As of its financial year end 2009, it owned 22400 service stations most the globe, it owned operations in 30 countries nigh the world, it betrothed 80,300 people in different countries, it owned 16 refineries around the world (with the biggest in Houston Texas), it produces 2.3 million barrels per day and owned oil reserves of ab place 18.3 Billion barrels (BP web 2010)Research MethodsThis project aims to assess the operations of BP. It takes into focus two major(ip) issues in world-wide business and strategy International trade globalisation strategy and ethics including aspects of corporate brotherly responsibility. The management literature proposes several qualitative research methodologies (Bryman, 2004). These methodologies include surveys, questionnaires, case studies, focus groups, experiments and interviews (Bryman, 2004). Pursuant to the aims of this project, a case study approach is employed in which I consult several documents which discuss management theory (detailed in pile, 2009) and I examine how their application in give basing on the case of British Petroleum. I use the BP website as a core source to derive information for this purpose. Given the miss of resources, other research methods much(prenominal) as interviews, questionnaires and focus groups are impractical. The conterminous section details the operations of BP and the related theoretical underpinnings.British Petroleums globalisation strategyGlobalisation refers to the current class where the world is becoming a global village by effectively inter-knitting, national boundaries are creation relaxed and countries are increasingly dependent on each other for survival. Globalisation presents signifi gouget opportunities to businesses as well as gainsays. Firms that ignore cope with the trend enjoy larger markets, cheaper resources and therefore higher profitability. Firms that are unable to compete efficiently are faced break through.As highlighted higher up BP is a global company with a highly acclaimed globalisation strategy. The success of this strategy could be attri h ardlyed several (three main) factors as discussed below.First- removal company advantageThe history of BP can be traced rump to the establishment of the Anglo Persian crude oil community, a subsidiary of the Burmah Oil Company in 1909. This steadfast explored the Persian golf for many years and was converted to the British Petroleum company after the Second World War. scanty reports show that the firm expanded tremendously by 1960 developing its operations beyond the Persian golf into North America. Most importantly it establish a significant presence in the North Sea by being the first company to find Oil in Alaska (BP web, 2010).The above indicates the length to which BP has gone to establish itself as one of the worlds biggest and most successful companies.New Trade theory suggests that first m all overs can benefit enormously from certain economic and strategic advantages in terms of operations. The theory argues that for those products where economies of surpass are si gnificant and represent a substantial portion of world demand, the first movers in an diligence can gain a home plate based cost advantage that later entrants find almost unachievable to match ( pile, 2009. p 187).First mover advantage can potentially explain the structure of the Oil and Gas industriousness. The industry is made up of few big players and many small players in the Western world where competition is free. In other countries such as Kuwait, Saudi, Russia, China, Iraq and Qatar competition in the industry is restricted and the major oil exploiters are prescribement owned.BP has established itself in most of the western world due to its first mover advantage. It is able to cut costs in its operations and derive benefits from economies of shell and scope. Many firms can compete effectively in Oil exploitation, exploration, blood line and refining, and therefore they turn to engage in the training of support serve such as distribution or the derivation of chemicals for other manufacturing industries. emulous advantagePorters findings on national competitive advantage can be extended to understand why BP locates in the roles it does. BP is a global firm but has operations at varying degrees in around 30 different countries world wide (BP web, 2010). Despite operating significantly in 30 countries, its products and services are available in over degree Celsius countries (BP web, 2010).Porters diamond asserts that the degree to which a nation is likely to achieve international success in a certain industry is a process of the combined impact of factor endowments, domestic demand conditions, related and backing industries and domestic rivalry (Hill, 2009. p 191). Hill (2009) argues that based porters theory a profit seeking firm should localize its operations in those countries where such activities can be performed optimally.BP operates in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and confederation America.In Africa, it operates i n Joint Ventures with firms in Egypt, Angola and Algeria. Its choice to operate only in join ventures in this country can be explained by the political economy of these countries. These countries cannot be termed as full democracies and are often tractable to civil crisis. Operating as a joint venture, curbs the firms risk in the event of a political crisis but allows it to enjoy the revenues to be derived from its operations. It also has a huge presence in the Southern regions of Africa but in these regions it engages more with the marketing of its solar cogency concepts. This region is large in natural resources (sunshine) but the cultivation of nil networks is very poor. The countries in this region rely heavily on hydroelectricity which is usually not sufficient to provide for industries and households.BP also operates as joint ventures in Asia with operations in Pakistan, Vietnam, Indonesia, China, South Korea and Malaysia. It manufactures lubricants and solar panels in Ch ina and India where labour is cheap.BP does not explore fossil oil in Australasia. Its operations in this region are geared towards the provision of solar postal code.BP operates as a stand alone entity in some(prenominal) of Europe. Its operations in Russia are partly owned (joint venture) by a Russian company. It has major exploration and production facilities in Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela and Columbia. These regions are rich in natural gas and oil necessitating BPs localisation to the areas.ProductsHill (2009) noted that Raymond Vernon developed the product lifecycle theory after his realisation that firms had to make innovating in order to maintain a demand for their products and ensure egress in revenues. The theory can be used to explain the globalisation trends, proposal drive and product mix of British Petroleum.BP currently produces a wide range of energy products including oil, natural gas, wind energy, solar energy, bio fuels and oil colour based lubri cants.Two decades ago, its primary product was Oil. Research and development in the industry has led to the introduction of cleaner and more sustainable forms of energy. These forms of energy are widely regarded as the future of the Oil and Gas industry. Speculators reckon that at some point in time oil volition be faced out as coal was faced out with the discovery of oil. BP has realised the fact that oil as a product has reached its maturity stage and its demand major power diminish with the advent of tonic forms of energy. The firm has taken a colossal position in the newly energy market by running a major portfolio of energy products representing the mix of all bespoke and innovative new forms of energy.Unlike televisions for example, Oil cannot be re-engineered and further developed. Innovation by modification is therefore difficult. BP has turned the focus on energy efficiency i.e. researching and developing ways in which energy can be saved. Instead of devising faster o r stronger energy which might be impossible BP has turned the focus to the development of equipment and usage techniques that pull up stakes save energy through low consumption. This encompasses innovation that fuels the demand for its products.Ethics and Corporate Social ResponsibilityAs Hill (2009) emphasized ethical issues in international business are brought about by political, pro give, economic and cultural differences in between countries- what is considered normal usage in one country might be considered unethical in another (p. 124). The ethical challenge, I will argue, is significantly increased for global firms. BP for example operates in all the different continents of the world. In keeping with Hills line of business ethics is relative and context dependent. In certain countries, it is ethical to employ young people. In the UK, all employees must be above the legal age of 18 to gain full employment. The legal age changes significantly between countries varying from 16 to 21. Most multi national firms deal with this challenge by devising a set of corporate values which govern their operations in all regions. BP web (2010) argues that the company is driven by four major values progressive, responsible, innovative and effect driven.In terms of being responsible, BP asserts that We are committed to the safety and development of our people and the communities and societies in which we operate. We aim for no accidents, no harm to people and no persecute to the environment. This commitment can be seen in the fact that BP reporting covers all aspects beyond financial reporting including health, safety, human rights, environment and energy.BP is at the capitulum of the cleaner energy debate. It does its bit by engaging in energy saving initiatives and constantly researching on cleaner ways in which energy can be produced and delivered. It has diversified strongly into the green energy industry engaging in the production of liquefied petroleum gas, fossil fuels and renewable energy.A major part of corporate ethics that has been pervasive in the management literature in recent years is corporate social responsibility. Hill (2009) argues that multinational corporations such as BP shoot power that comes from their operations and their ability to move production from country to country. Considering for an instance the revenues generated by BP annually, I find that the corporations revenues is higher than the GDP of many countries. Social responsibility advocates that managers should consider more than just the economic consequences of their decisions (hill, 2009). More importantly, importance should be set on the social consequences of decision making. The European commission defines corporate social responsibility as A concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis (EC website, 2010). It basically refers to the companys interactions with its surrounding communities and looks at how the company strives to advance development and social cohesion and participates in maintaining the environment within such communities. A firms community is a major stakeholder of the firm and thus call for to be considered. BPs financial reporting incorporates major aspects such as its social responsibility, its strive for cleaner energy, its contributions towards preserving the environment and its strive to improve sustainable extraction of energy. Communities take corporate social responsibilities seriously especially when it comes to Oil and Gas firms. This is largely as a result of the potential dangers that can arise from their operations with these communities. Recent crises have ranged from large explosions with severe casualties to major spillages with the destruction of flora and fauna.-A review of the BP 2010 Oil spill crisisBP faced a deep water horizon drilling rig explosion which killed 11 of its off shore workers and injured 17 other workers. The rig gushed out over 5 million barrels of crude oil into the Mexican Golf between April and July 2010. The spill was catastrophic and so were its effect on wild life, the fishing industry, the tourism sector and the surrounding neighbourhoods. In reception to this BP set up a crisis management program. It realityly apologized for the distress it caused and undertook to beak the clean up costs. The company has currently set up a $20 Billion dollar fund to manage the after-effects of the crisis. During the crisis, BP showed effort employing several techniques to attempt to stop the leakage. It also arranged a compensation plan for those affected by the crisis.This attests to the fact that BP takes its corporate social responsibility and ethics very strongly.Hill (2009) also notes the social contributions or social investments of BP in Algeria. Hill notes that BP realised its communities in Algeria lacked clean drinking water an d created two desalination plants to produce clean what for the public. To add to this, the company provided water cans to encourage residents transport water from plants to their homes.ConclusionsSummary of findingsThis study has examined the operations of BP in the global context to see how certain management concepts are applied in practice. Two aspects globalisation strategy and corporate social responsibility were reviewed. BP is found to have a sophisticated globalisation strategy which it has fortified over the years. This helps it to compete efficiently and to remain one the worlds leading corporations. Again, BP is found to have a robust stance towards corporate social responsibility and ethics. Its industry is hazardous and it is pruned to corporate disasters such as spills and explosions. BP has managed to keep these to a minimal and when they do occur, BP has taken necessary steps to manage the crisis and limit the prostituteLimitationsThis work is limited in the fact that it strongly relies on public information sources to assess the operations of BP. Several aspects could have been better scrutinized and priceless insights drawn through other research methods such as interviews with get wind workers and focus groups to draw varied opinion.Due to the limitations in space (number of words) the aspects discussed can not be reviewed in greater detail.Future research RecommendationsThis research has examined BPs operations in light of established theory but has not confirmed if such a method of operation is optimal. It might be interesting to investigate whether the product strategy, globalisation strategy or their approach to ethics and corporate social responsibility affect their performance or contributes significantly towards the achievement of organisational goals and objectives. The limitations highlighted above also provide avenues for future research into the area.Several theories have been propounded in the management literature. Their u nderstanding will only be facilitated by examining how these theories are applied in practice or by investigating the contributions of such theories to management practice. In light of this argument, this form of study is encouraged.

Developing Leadership and a Team

Developing leash and a police squadWhat is Team?According to Dee Hock (1999), Founder and CEO Emeritus of Visa supranational says, Control is non leading management is not leading leading is leadinghiphip. If you seek to lead, invest at least 50% of your time jumper lead yourself for your own purpose, ethics, principles, motivation, and conduct. Invest at least 20% leading those with potentiality over you and 15% leading your friends. If you do not view you gain for your mislabelled subordinates, then you know nothing of leadership. You know only tyranny (an controlling power).Team DevelopmentParticipating in or observing the breeding of a grouping is absolutely interesting, sometimes it is disturbing, ofttimes both. So many an(prenominal) factors influence the process, whether the group is to run short face to face or electronically or in some combination of contexts.Developing by StagesIt is traditional to talk about phases of team beginment, if each group or team keeped a nice linear growth sequence. Most teams however, argon not that predictable. Each develops with its own process further each as well as manage issues that brings its members together, drive them apart, push them to satisfy stopping points, hold them book binding, move them forward. These issues scratch in different sequences for different teams, being aware of them can care to contribution leadership as we recognise the development issues in your team. catch the following phases not as specific periods save as development issues that vary from team to team.Phases as Development IssuesResearcher has noticed that short groups not teams proceed through orientation through groups, conflict, emergence of a proposed ratiocination and mutual reinforcement as well as fr eighter of the group to a decision (Fisher, 1970). Other observations concur similarly categorise stages as forming (orienting to one another), storming (conflicting), norming (becoming a team with processes for managing strife), fulfilling (getting the job done), and adjourning (saying superb bye). (Tuckman and Jenson, 1977). Source Self-Copied from http//www.jiscinfonet.ac.uk/InfoKits/infokit-related-files/tuckman-model-picDevelopmental Issues for Specific TeamThe developmental patterns just discussed to understand the processes a group might experience, but the most useful data is that how your team develops depends in part on its type and its purpose or purposes. Gersick (1988) observed real world project teams, fund raising committees, bodily and health care teams and university teams. All had specific projects and tasks, used shared leadership and met for an extended period of time. Gersicks observations directly relate to the kinds of teams most people experience, He found a general pattern 1. At their source run acrosss, teams activities change with their respective tasks 2. Several meetings dealt with conflicts, getting information, and working throug h issues 3. The mid particular crisis meeting was centre according to the teams purpose. Various teams dealt with decisions about goals, revising drafts of reports, outlining programs or managing conflicts. 4. After this transition, teams went through another series of meetings to work out lucubrate of their tasks. 5. This led to the final completion meeting, in which each team finalised its work according to the type and purpose of the team.Leadership skills, approaches and strategiesMost recently, two theories of leadership has emerged. Bass (1990) first distinguished between two of them transactional leadership, which exchanges respects for performance and transformational leadership, which elevates, touch offs, inspires and develops the team. Transactional leaders set goals, clarify desired outcomes, provide feedback and give subordinates rewards for good work. On the other hand, transformational leaders motivate their followers through more subtle- but really effective m eans and these strategies tend to result in laid-back worker satisfaction (Sparks and Schenk, 2001).The key achieving sustainable business success is to have excellence in leadership at all lead levels. Strategic, useable and team leaders need to work harmoniously together as the organisations leadership team.The most common and most expensive error that organisations are affect at present is to focus leadership development on their more senior managers, so that become their entire strategy. In doing, they are completely ignoring their team leaders. Yet it is the team leader who is closest to the customer. catch sure that the strategy embraces all three levels. thither is useful indication to be make between strategic thinking and strategic planning. Leadership strategy should evolve and guided by a small focus group as a part of overall business strategy. It should be longer term, for a strategy worth the name should be three dimensional Importance-it really has to matter long term- it takes time to grow trees multi factored-it takes more than one element or approach to enlighten strategy antithetic Leadership stylesThis style works just fine for a team of real experts who want to share leadership and charge ahead. For other teams, however, productivity, quality, affair and satisfaction suffer.Authoritarian (or autocratic) leadership is just what it sounds like. The despotic leader reserve tight control, runs meetings by the book, sets schedules, and may use coercive or reward power. Authoritarian leadership often increases productivity in the short term, but it also increases aggression and turnover rates among members. Some people couple authoritarianism with leadership, however and their expectations are met by an authoritarian leader. Democratic leadership fits the western ideal. The democratic leader ensures that everyone is heard, guides and facilitates discussion and decision qualification, and shares power. Democratic leaders do three eventful things. First, they make sure everyone in the group feels responsible for outcomes. Second, they enhance the groups feelings of empowerment. Finally, they create processes through which the team can make effective decisions. Overtime, each member in the group develops the expertise (and, hopefully, the desire) to perform these roles as well ultimately everyone can take turns serving as both leaders and followers. According to Likert, R. in 1961 distinguished between 4 key styles or frames of leadership. System 1 Exploitative autocratic- which is the essence of authoritarian style System 2 Benevolent authoritative- is basically paternalistic style. thither is a limited element of reward, but discourse is restricted. Policy is made at the top but there is some restricted charge with in strictly defined procedures. System 3 Participative-The leaser has some uncompleted confidence in subordinates, listens to them but controls decision making, motivates by reward and a lev el of involvement and will use the ideas and suggestions of subordinates constructively. System 4 Democratic- attention gives economic rewards, rather than pats on the head, utilises full group participation and involves teams in goal setting and improving work methods and intercourse flows up and down. There is a close psychological relationship between superiors and subordinates. Decision making is permitted at all levels and is integrated into the formal structure with reference to the organisational chart.He recognised that each style is relevant in some situations for sample in a crisis, a system 1 approach is ordinarily required. Alternatively when introducing a brand-new system of work, system 4 would be more effective. It shows that effective managers are those who adopt either a system 3 or a system 4 leadership style. two are seen as being based on trust and compensable attention to the needs of both the organisation and employees.Developing Leadership skillsIt is v ery easy to explain leadership, but it is hard to practise it. Action comes first in leadership and then skills. People always like to follow the good leaders because they trust and respect them, rather than following the leadership skills they have. Leadership depends on the skills of care but it is quite different from Management. Management really depends on the planning, society and communication skills. Leadership should have some(prenominal)(prenominal) type of qualities like integration, honesty, and commitment also have knowledge to share the ideas with his team members and mutual understanding, sincerity, passion.New and experienced leader alike, decision making has gown more complicated then ever. Leaders must make choices quickly often with the small information at hand. If we want to develop a greater tolerance for ambiguity and be willing to perpetually reinvent the way your teams operate. Also want to gather more input signal on key decisions from people at every level of your organisation, as well as learn how to assess the reasons behind a decision before taking the force and implementing it. In 1999, for example, management thinkers and executives from the private and non bring in sectors gathered at a conference summon by the midsection for Creative Leadership (CCL), a think tank in Greensboro, NC. The goal was to examine current leadership practices and needs. Participants focused on the fact that changing conditions in many organisations require leaders to develop new skills and perspectives.References courseballs.com Harvard Business School, (2005). Becoming an effective leader, Publish in USA ISBN 1-59139-780-9The Role of chat in Leadership Strategic communication has never been more important than it is today. Employees expect to know about their companys plans, and they assume that they will participate in their companys growth. That means that leaders must take communication a personal priority and drive its value throughout the organisation. Mai and Akerson argue that leadership communication is not simply a technical skill, but the critical leadership competency for guiding organisations through conditions of heightened transition and turmoil.Any competitive company they said has three critical goals To attract and retain talent To find a steady course through transitions To stay at the leading edge of its industry through constant innovation and renewal To accomplish these goals, leaders must do three key things1- Create a CommunityFirst leaders must be community developers, training trust and creating meaningful work environment. A direct approach often works well. Saturn, where plant or unit managers take the time to invite each new hire and explains the companys philosophy. Employees coming from organisations where they had never spoken one-on-one with a senior manager are pleasantly surprised by this. Such personalised face-to-face communication with employees conveys honesty and since rity. Transparent, honest communication is essential when leaders communicate candidly, employees are likely to reciprocate, extending confidence back to the company.2- Steer a Steady CourseLeaders should act as navigators, setting direction and instigating action, particularly during times of transition. At the annual meeting, the companys leaders met in groups to discuss the organisations future, stimulated by worksheets that provided them with information about deregulation across other industries, statistics and possible new company configurations. After the meeting leaders took the work sheets and held similar meetings of their own with in their individual divisions.3- blame to continual renewalCase Study of TescoTesco uses critical success factors as a basis for its management and leadership competencies. According to Helen Cecil, head of HR, the emphasis at senior management level is on developing leaders rather than managers. This aim, she says is based on the companys rec ognition that the difference we deliver to our customers is through our people. Management levels in stores have been reduced from seven or eight down to three and She also said that Staff now expects much more from managers. Managers have to be able to inspire, initiate change and motivate staff to deliver results. The company also recognises that the potential benefits of new technology, new management systems and new organisational structures cannot realise without effective leadership.Tesco is developing global leaders as the business becomes more international. The company uses business schools and external consultants, with in company assessment panels that identify future leaders whose development is focused on strategy, operations and human resource management.

Relationship Between Gender and Health

Relationship Between sexual urge and HealthSex, sexual practice and HealthIntroductionOne of the main objectives of the National Health improve custodyt set out in the 1940s was To ensure that e reallybody in the country-irrespective of means, fester, sex, or occupation-shall curb tinct opportunity to benefit from the best and most up to date medical and allied services available (Ministry of Health, 1944). Although the voice communication blondness and equality do not feature in docuwork forcets from the early eld of the NHS, on that point argon many an(prenominal) reasons to conclude that the service was intended to allow equal access or demonstrable treat manpowert for those in equal motivation (Delamothe, 2008). This concept had been refined since then, and an faithful goodheadness service is unsounded to mean one where individuals access to and utilisation of the service depends on their wellness status alone. (Dixon et al., 2003). There be many explanations for factors attri furtherable to differences in the comeliness of simple machinee, such as income, income inequality, neighborly connectedness, and tender capital, which have all shown some(prenominal) association with wellness and disease (Berkman Syme, 1979 Fiscella Franks, 1997 Kawachi et al., 1997 Lomas, 1998 Naidoo Wills, 2000). This paper shall examine the meaning of grammatical sexuality as an otherwise of these epitopes of wellness. The differences among the foothold sex and sexual practice shall frontmost be discussed. Secondly pathways through which gender effects wellness shall be examined, paying particular attention to guess behaviours, gender subroutines, and gender discrimination. Finally, the derivative characterization and differential exposure hypotheses shall be discussed.Sex and GenderRaymond Williams argued that phrase involves not only the available and developing meaning of known words only if similarly particular formations of m eaning-ways not only of discussing but at another level seeing many of our central experiences (Williams, 1983 p15). Langu come along in this sense embodies important accessible and historical processes in which new terms ar introduced or old terms take on a new meaning. Often earlier and later(prenominal) senses coexist, or become actual secondarys in which problems of contemporary belief and affiliation are contested (Williams, 1983 p22). The launching of gender in English in the 1970s as an alternative to sex was to counter the implicit and explicit biological determinism pervading scientific determine language (Krieger, 2003). Sociologists describe sex as the relatively unchanging biological science of world manly or female, while gender refers to the roles and expectations attributed to hands and wo custody in a given society, roles which change over cartridge clip, place and action distributor point (Phillips, 2005). Genetic profile and hormone profile are twain examples of sex, a constant set of biological characteristics that remain the same across societies, whereas expectations close the imperative to bear children, the nature of parenting, or the status of being a mother are to a greater extent to do with gender roles and expectations. Gender has an rival on health in a variety of ways.Gender inequalities in healthWhile wo manpower generally experience poorer health than men, the pattern of gender differences in health is varied (Arber Cooper, 1999). Women have lower rates of death rate but, paradoxically, report higher(prenominal) levels of depression, psychiatric disorders, distress and a variety of other degenerative affectiones than men ( McDonough Walters, 2001). The direction and magnitude of gender differences in health vary according to the symptom/condition and phase of vivification one shot (Denton et al., 2004). Female excess is found consistently across the demeanorspan for distress, but is far less apparent, e ven reversed, for a number of other physiologic conditions and symptoms (Matthews et al., 1999).Gender inequalities in income and wealth make women especially vulnerable to poverty. In some parts of the world this makes it difficult for them to acquire the necessities for health, especially during the reproductive years when family needs are greatest (Doyal, 2001). Social norms about the diversions of right mean that many women have very heavy burdens of work, especially those who compound employment with domestic duties, pregnancy and child rearing (Naidoo Wills, 2001). Often, women in the ho parthold receive very little support and many are abuse by their family members. It has been estimated that 19% of the total disease burden carried by women hoary 15-44 in developed countries is the result of domestic violence and rape ( gentleman Bank, 1993). get along to this, anxiety and depression are reported to a greater extent in women than in men in most parts of the world, ye t in that location is no evidence that women are constitutionally more susceptible to such illness (Doyal, 2001). In Africa, powerlessness and lack of control underlie some(prenominal) of the icon to HIV/AIDS amongst the female population. Disproportionate barriers (relative to men) in access to resources such as food, education and medical care disadvantage women in much of the developing world. In males risk taking behaviour is the norm amongst males in the developing world.Risk taking behaviour and its effects on male healthThere are now many links on the interaction among masculinity and health emerging (Schoefield et al, 2000). The development and aliment of a heterosexual male identity usually requires the taking of risks that are seriously hazardous to health (Doyal, 2001). One of the most obvious examples of this regards the operative environment. In many societies it is traditional for the man to assume the role of the provider, thus putting males at risk of dying pr ematurely from occupational accidents (Waldron, 1995), and although in that location are more women in the labour force, men from the poorest communities still do the most dangerous jobs.Further to the risks of the workplace, men often feel compelled to submit in risky behaviour to prove their masculinity, thus they are more in all probability than women to die in a car disrupt or dangerous sporting activities (Canaan, 1996). Men are also more apparent than women to tope to excess and smoke, which increases ones physiological predisposition to early sum disease and other related problems (Doyal, 2001). They are also more likely than women to desire unsafe sex. A field in Ontario, Canada examined the causes of male deaths between birth and age 45. There reported 1,812 male deaths, of which 1,372 (76%) are referable to motor vehicle accidents, suicide, and AIDS, leaving 440 deaths unrelated to behaviour. Although the male excess of deaths from car accidents may, in part be at tributable to greater distances driven and not behaviour while driving, the male relationship with the automobile is almost surely another aspect of gender roles. Only 308 (33%) of the 936 female deaths are explained by such behaviour. When non-risk taking causes of death are isolated from the data, women under age 45 have a mortality which is 1.43 times that of mens. Over age 45 the leading causes of death for both men and women are chronic diseases. Men die of heart disease in equal total but at a younger age than do women. With increase age the number of deaths for women creeps upward to equal that of men (Phillips, 2005).differential gear vulnerability and differential vulnerability hypothesesSince gender is a measure of both biological and social differences, it is likely that the health inequalities between men and women contrive both sex-related biological and social factors, and the interactions between them (Denton et al., 2004). There are cardinal general hypotheses that account for these gender based inequalities in health. The differential exposure hypothesis suggests that women report higher levels of health problems because of their reduced access to the substantial and social conditions of life that foster health (Arber Cooper, 1999), and from greater stress associated with their gender and marital roles. Many studies have shown that women occupy different structural locations than men they are less likely to be employed, work in different occupations, and are more likely to be on lower incomes, and to do domestic labour and to be a single parent than men (Denton Walters, 1999). There are also gender differences in exposure to life style behaviours, such as those previously mentioned (that men are more likely to smoke, consume alcohol) as well as having an unbalanced diet and being overweight, while women are more likely than men to be physically inactive (Denton Walters, 1999). De Vries and Watt (1996) also suggest that women report higher levels of health problems because they are exposed to a higher level of demands and obligations in their social roles, as well as experiencing more stressful life events. Women also have lower levels of both perceived control and self jimmy than men (Turner Roszell, 1994), though women report higher levels of social support (Umberson et al., 1996).The differential vulnerability hypothesis on the other hand suggests that women report higher levels of health problems because they answer differently than men to the material, behavioural and psychosocial conditions that moderate health (Denton et al., 2004). Multivariate analyses have shown that men and women differ in vulnerability to some, but not all, of the social determinants of health (Denton et al., 2004). That is, the moderating effect of gender is determinant specific. Having a high income, working full time, caring for a family, and having neat social support have been shown to be more importance predictors for pred icating health in women than men (Prus Gee, 2003). Smoking and alcohol consumption are more important as discussed previously, are more important determinants of health for men than women, while body weight and being physically inactive are more important for women (Denton Walters, 1999). Furthermore, the effects of stress may be experienced and personified by men and women in a variety of different ways. The literary works appears to show that women react more to ongoing strains than men do, and are more likely to report and react to stressors experienced by others (Turner Avison, 1987), while men are more likely to mention and react to economic stressors (Wheaton, 1990). Zuzenak Mannell (1998) argues that women have a greater vulnerability to the effects of chronic stressors on health due to the greater stress associated with their family and marital roles.Denton et al., (2004) used multiple indicators of health and its social structural, behavioural, and psychological determ inants to gain a comprehensive understanding of the role that social factors play in determining health. They report that womens poorer health is partly due to the reduced access, on average, to the material and social conditions of life that foster health, to their differential exposure to stressful life events and to everyday stressors associated with a womens social roles. Mens health also seems to be reduced by their greater likelihood to partake in risk taking behaviours such as smoking and excessive drinking. These, as well as physical activity are more important to mens health.ConclusionGender is a social construct, and sex is a biological construct. They are each distinct, and are not interchangeable terms. The use of the term gender facilitates discussion of the effects of social norms and expectations on the health of both males and females. It is clear that gender has many effects upon health and well being, and that this is a complex issue, with behavioural and psychosoc ial determinants of health growing out of the social context of peoples lives. This paper has discussed the social and structural context of peoples lives for health benefits intelligibly a strong and well studies theme in the literature (Denton Walters, 1999 Denton et al., 2004). It seems that behavioural determinants play less of a role in predicting health, yet there effects also tend to be mediated by social structure (e.g. those with a low income are more likely to smoke, drink excessively, and be overweight and inactive. These factors can then, collectively, lead to chronic health problems later on in life. It also seems reasonable to conclude that men and women abide from different types of stressor. They also both cope in different ways. For example, the exposure hypothesis proposes that gender-based health inequalities are the result of the differing social location between men and women. There different life style behaviours and the differing number of chronic stressor s and life experienced by men and women. The vulnerability hypothesis proposes that womens health differs from mens because they also react in different ways to factors that determine health. It seems then, that although there are many other sociological factors that can have an impact on health, there are many gender differences to account for also, making this a very complex issue.ReferencesArber, S., Cooper, H. (1999). Gender differences in health in later life the new paradox? Social Science and care for , 66 (6), 61-76.Bank, W. (1993). World development report 1993 investing in health. sassy York Oxford University Press.Berkman, L., Syme, S. (1979). Social networks, host resitance and mortality a nine year follow up study of Alameda County residents. American journal of Epidermology , 109, 186-203.Delamothe, T. (2008). Universality, equity and quality of care. British Medical Journal , 336, 1278-1282.Denton, M., Walters, V. (1999). Gender differences in structural and beh avioural determinants of health an analysis of the social production of health. Social Science Medicine , 48, 1221-1225.Denton, M., Prus, S., Walters, V. (2004). Gender differences in health a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structrual, and behavioural determinants of health. Social Science and Medicine , 58, 2585-2600.De-Vries, B., Watt, D. (1996). A lifetime of events Age and gender variations in the life story. international Journal of Aging and Human Development , 42 (2), 81-102.Dixon, A., Le Grand, J., Henderson, J., Murray, R., Poteliankoff, E. (2003). Is the NHS equitable? A review of the evidence . Londone London School of Economics.Doyal, L. (2001). Sex. gender, and health the need for a new approach. British Medical Journal , 323, 1061-1065.Fiscella, K., Franks, P. (1997). Poverty or income inequality as a predictor of mortality Longtitudinal cohort study. British Medical Journal , 314, 1724-1728.Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B., Lochner, K., Prothrow-Smith, D. (1997). Social capital and health Implications for popular health and epidemiology. Social Science and Medicine , 87, 1491-1498.Lomas, J. (1998). Social capital and health implications for public health and epidermology. Social Science and Medicine , 47, 1181-1188.Naidoo, J., Wills, J. (2000). Health Promotion-Foundations for Practice. London BailliereTindall.Phillips, S. (2005). specify and measuring gender A social determinant of health whose time has come. International Journal for Equity in Health , 4 (11), 1-4.Prus, S., Gee, E. (2003). Gender differences in the influence of economic, lifestyle and psyhco-social factors on later life health. Canadian Journal of Public Health , 94 (3), 94-102.Schoefield, T., Connell, R., Walker, I., Wood, J., Butland, D. (2000). Understanding mens health and illness a gender relations approach to policy, reseacrh and practise. Journal of the Amercian Colege of Health , 48, 247-258.Scotland, M. o. (1944). A national health service. London HMSO.Turner , J., Avison, W. (1987). gender and depression Assessing exposure to life events in a chronically strained population. Journal of Neurons and Mental sickness , 77 (8), 443-455.Turner, J., Roszell, P. (1994). Psychosocial resources and the stree process. In W. Avison, I. Gotlib, Stress and mental health Contemporary issues and prospects for the future. refreshful York Platinum Press.Umberson, D., Chen, M., House, J., Hopkins, K., Slaten, E. (1996). The effect of social relationships on psychological well-being. Are men and women really no different? Sociological Review , 61, 837-857.Waldron, I. (1995). Contributions of changing gender differentials in behaviour to changing gender differentials in mortalitly. In D. Sabo, G. Gordon, Mens health and illness gender, power, and the body. London Sage Publications.Wheaton, B. (1990). Life transitions, role histories, and mental health. American Sociological Review , 55, 209-223.Williams, R. (1983). A vocabulary of culture and society . Revised edition. New York Oxford University Press.Zuzanek, J., Mannell, R. (1998). Life-cycle squeeze, time, pressure, daily stress, and leisure participation A Canadian perspective. Society and blank , 21 (2), 513-544.1

Karl Marx Continuation Of The Enlightenment Sociology Essay

Karl Marx Continuation Of The adept Sociology EssayKarl Marx is regarded as one of the tell apartics of sociology. His kindly thought, considered one of the most important societal theories, was a manistic possible action, voiceless on the condition of federation and a place of undivided in cordial structure. Marx is known as one of the abundantest ideologists of the nineteen degree centigrade. His policy-making opening was revolutionary. As a sociologist though, he is regarded to be a huge heir of information1, using and developing key imaginations of the eighteen light speed thinkers. This paper is aimed to question Karl Marx conjecture in comparison to the friendship philosophy. I will try to answer a question to what extend Marx flirt genic from the insight thinkers? In station to that I will discuss the key fancys of the nirvana that were further developed in Marxs works. In the following(a) part of the paper I will comp atomic number 18 the roots o f the eighteen degree centigrade thinkers with Marx theory, in regard to nonions of progress, loving structure, pietism, science, actualism, verbalise and individuality. neighborly increase, progress and amicable pitchThe theory of social victimization and progress was the key innovation of the Enlightenment2. The experience of Renaissance recovery from the dark ages, rediscovery of antique philosophy, the expansion of colonialism and exploration of non-European cultures, violated established order and break down to expansion of in the raw heads doubting customs duty. The Enlightenment recognized that homosexual fib budges and that societies experience material and mental, moral or philosophical progress. It became clear, that modernity is just an different pointedness of study, that does not terzetto the end of history, just might be as well a beginning of some better, unsanded purchase order. eighteen carbon thinkers considered former as the track(a) crowd of change, believing, that tender-hearted knowledge and cognizance may develop linearly. Since the Enlightenment was an age of science and reason, philosophers tend to clear up and order possessed knowledge. That lead to a few theories of historic stages development of societies that arranged historical periods in progressive order3.Marx inherited from the Enlightenment that linear and deterministic perspective on development of societies, building his theory on the head of progress. In his works he wrote close to in series(p) stages of development of societies primitive company, feudalism, capitalism (bourgeois formation), socialism and communism. He aban through with(p)d the plan of reason as the leading force of progress, though. For Marx the key force of development was ownership and mode of turnout emerging from it. HeEach of the stages presented different social relations, policies, politics and consciousness wholly of which resulting from economic relation s. The mode of toil representing each of historical formation of society was regarded as a base, and resulted in different superstructures culture, trust and politics. Every stage of history was more complex than another and lead to the next one. For Marx it meant that the history of tout ensemble societies is inevitable and must lead through and through and through the equivalent phases.The Enlightenments attachment to the notion of progressive development of societies lead to the compositions of succeeding(a) utopia final, goal stage of social evolution. It was a very optimistic concept of history, beginning in dark, oppressive periods of the past, through ambiguous and chaotic modernity, leading to some enlighten, better and just future. Such utopian vision was exposit by Condorcet, for whom future society would prevail tyranny by ever-changing tradition and superstition into reason4. Delany wrote of the Enlightenment as characterized by a certain utopianism, which was a reflection of the teaching in the promises of modernity to catch or so freedom. unalike earlier social thought, it displayed a great belief in the power of human action to model the future5. The same was true for Marx, who saw communism as the perfect and most of only just, social system. For Marx the end stage of human history communism delineated the most desired and final phase of human development. As Sideman wrote Marx never gave up his Enlightenment faith in the coming of a bracing era6.But contrary to the Enlightenment philosophers, for Marx, the utopia was not to be obtained through evolution and development of reason, still through revolution of working class. The idea of revolution was not present in eighteen century beforehand the experience of French revolution. Though it is sad, that the Enlightenment prep ard the ground for the tumult in France, works of eighteen century thinkers did not appeal to force or violent change. Marx shared the romantic vision of revolution with collectivised thinkers and activists supporting French strife. Moreover, unlike his eighteen century ancestors, Marx sought freedom in proletariat the working class of modernity. The Enlightenment was an age of intellectuals, bad special role to philosophers in the process of development of society7. In eighteen century thought, reason had the emancipatory force. Marx violent vision of revolution did not reserved place for intellectuals, though Marx was one of them.Social structureThe Enlightenment was a period of a great expansion of egalitarian theories. The idea of natural laws developed and notion of equality had spread. Eighteen century philosophers assay to find and describe origins of social order as well as discover best social conditions to maintain and expand individual freedom. in particular the latter freedom, understood as unconstrained development and expansion of reason was an important issue in the theory of state and governance. The Enligh tenment precious the idea of liberated individual in the society free from state, perform and other joint forms of organizations. To reconcile the concepts of state and freedom, the idea of civil society was developed. Individuals became citizens residents of a state that had their natural, internal rights, individuals who through that civil rights gained freedom. Though human beings were not equal, especially because of different kinds and sizes of ownership, they had the potential of equality internalized through their natural, absolute rights.For Marx idea of equality was a goal of the development of societies. Contemporary social structure was far from egalitarian one. To describe social structure Marx utilise a concept of class as sets of people or part of society that differ by the effective control over the mean of production and property ownership8. The class designated people who lived in standardised conditions. For bourgeois stage of development social structure was basically dichotomous, consisting of 2 classes owners (capitalists) and workers. Since individuals within one class shared alike economic positions they to a fault shared the same amours. Individuals from different classes, on the other hand, remained in durable conflict as they interests were opposite. For in Marx theory class structure is a structure of permanent class-conflict. As E.C. Cuff and others expressed it Since the inequality amongst the owning class and the do work class is not simply an economic one, narrowly defined, scarce involves a social relationship of power and control, the difference of interest betwixt these classes refers to freedom and further The conflict of interest between owning and labouring classes is, then, a conflict over power and freedom.9Once again Marx theory loured peaceful and optimistic assumptions of the Enlightenment.Ideologies and religionThe end of the Middle Ages terminate the era of gods laws and theo licit explanation of social order. The Enlightenment apart(p) religion from politics. Eighteen century brought to invigoration the concept of public private spheres. godliness became private matter of citizens. Gods rights no longer decided on governmental questions and social relations. Secular society was establish on secular rules. The Enlightenment believed in reason and science, and through them sought liberty from religion and superstition. Social change required that cultural traditions be weakened to allow for rude(a) ideas and attitudes favoring social progress10. Religion and tradition constrained social change and overruled the utopian vision of future. It does not mean that the Enlightenment was a genuinely secular era. Rejection of religion covered only public, political sphere. None of the great philosophers of the period Becon, Diderot, Locke postulated atheism11. The issue was to separate religion from science, theology from logical reasoning. Religion intruded cognition, so ha d to be abandoned in the sphere of knowledge.Marx to a fault shared with the Enlightenment the concept of secular society, though he brought the idea of secularization further. For Marx every ideology and meta-narration of society, in every stage of its development, was a product of current economic relations, and so was religion. Religion internalized rules, regulations and prohibitions served justification of the conditions of production and hence, the justification of developing. In this sense religion was a mechanism of oppression. It was no longer a private issue, but a political one, that reassert bourgeois order. As in the eighteen century religion hinder change, but this time, though, it was not suppose to be withdraw from public life, but destroyed absolutely. That is why, according to Marx, emancipation not only required rejection of theological order of the world, but in addition complete rejection of religion. Once again this emancipation required revolution dram atic and sudden change of economic conditions that would change social relations, including execution of religion.The role of scienceThe Enlightenment was the era of development of sciences. A great expand of sciences such as mathematics, medicine, natural sciences changed the suck up of modern philosophers on the world and human kind. Science revealed mystery of earth and the order of constitution. That is why science became one of the ways to obtain individual freedom. Eighteen century philosophers presumed that one day science will lead to discovery of logical, rational order of human and societal relations.For Marx science also had an important role in revealing the rules of organization of society. Marx knew that in order to change, it is necessary to understand the social forces institutions, cultural traditions, social conventions12. In Marx theory science held the explanatory role by revealing the real nature of social order, gave information about social classes, modes of production and rules of historical development. tally to Marx, science should be based on rational assumptions and logical laws, it should reject crude sense and superstitions.When discussing the role of science in Marx theory, his contribution to scientific regularitys is worth mention. The Enlightenment admired achievements of modern mathematics and physicists, especially those of Newton. Philosophers were woolgather of finding scientific method, similar to methods use in physics and mathematics, to check into and describe social world. Modern thinkers presumed that since the complex world of nature can be characterized through clear rules and patterns of numbers, the same can be done with human environment.Marx sought different path of inquiry. His scientific method characterized as historicism13postulated investigation on every social phenomena in their historical context. Marx claimed that all individuals and their actions are embedded in broader setting, since none h uman being exists separated from his environment. Moreover he posed the question of a researcher as a social actor, entangled in social reality beside investigated objects. Marx claimed that scientist shares honey oil consciousness to the same degree as all other members of society. line up scientific method required from the researcher detachment from false, superstition knowledge embedded on the surface of social life14. Here again Marx expressed belief in reason and logic, similarly to his eighteen century ancestors.Economic perspectiveThough Marx theory shares materialistic perspective, he was not the one to introduce economic interpretation of social life. fling Smith, Adam Ferguson and others eighteen century thinkers saw the leading role of economy in social life. Those early economists wrote about dehumanization of work and disintegration of society through modern specialization of production and technical development of the production process15. Industrial revolution of eighteen century brought to light new phenomena that were not overlooked by present-day thinkers. Negative effects of industrialization, demographic explosion and urbanization were thoroughly discussed by that time.As we can see, the magnificence of material conditions for human individual and collective life was not the Marx invention, though he also observed that technology destroys social relations. According to him, innovations, machines and devices used in the process of production serve the dominant class for exploitation of workers16. Nevertheless, with his materialistic view on society, Marx went further with the idea, claiming that the reproduction of material life precedes the production of culture17. For Marx material conditions of existence were the basis for all other characteristics of life. In this concept, living conditions determined social structure, policies, rules and morality. Marx showed that certain social conditions shape certain forms of consciousness. That was a great contribution of Marx thought to social sciences. Since Marx, social scientists began research on the role of material conditions on human thoughts, believes and attitudes, great(p) a start to many disciplines of social sciences, as sociology of thought, sociology of knowledge or sociology of religion18. Moreover, since then, social scientists considered development process and ownership relations of societies as some of the most important criteria of social studies analysis.The concept of stateEighteen century philosophy was critical towards the old order or regime. The Enlightenment developed several state theories19, all attached with the concept of social contract. Hobbes, claimed that the states are made on the basis of common agreement in which citizens give their rights to absolute power. John Locke postulated inclination of liberal state based on tolerance, private ownership and freedom of economic action. In this conception it was not the absolute ruler but s ociety that hold the power. Kannt, on the other hand, proposed peaceful republican regime of federation of states. Finally Rousseau wrote about egalitarian regime of equal chances, conditions and rights of citizens. All the eighteen century concepts of sureness were positive ones, assuming rationality of power and universality of interests.Marx concept of the state was not the optimistic one. In his works state power had class character20. Regime authority served class interest of dominant group of society capitalists, through organized violence towards the suppressed class. There was no possibility to gain freedom through or within the state. Unlike the eighteen century theories, Marx project of desirable future assumed abolition of the bureaucratic, oppressive, class regime. Decomposition of the state should be accomplished through a proletariat revolution that would lead to class-free society of common owners.Individualism and collective actionIn earlier philosophy, the status of human being in society was constant and determined, not by human himself, but by external forces the world order, gods will, some kind of justice and internal sense of social existence. Enlightenment and especially the French revolution, brought the idea of civil society and civil rights21. The Enlightenment claimed that all human beings share some common characteristics that are independent of external, historical or natural conditions. It was the kind of individualism, that claimed that human nature in general have some common qualities inherited from the state of nature. That is what makes society egalitarian differences between human status in society are merely secondary, in a sense that all (male) human beings are equal and share the same civic rights. independence in this context was a political emancipation of citizens from feudal, traditional relations.Marx connected human position in social structure with material conditions and idea of work and ownership. For him th e idea of society was not based on the idea of civil rights, but on the idea of economic relations between different social groups classes. It was dichotomous vision of society made of workers and capitalists the owners of mode of production. Emancipation was possible not on the basis of civil rights, but on the basis of changing economic relations. This was a revolutionary perspective, leading to turnover of social order. Unlike the Enlightenment, Marx did not perceived emancipation and concept of freedom in individual actions. He clearly rejected individualism both in terms of individual social actions and as the method of inference about human conditions. Marx claimed that every individual is rooted in his collective history and society, and his consciousness, as well as beliefs, goals and needs are shaped through that heritage. That is why not only analysis of human conditions, but also the projected change of social relations, has to take into friendship collective baggage and collective effort.ConclusionsAs we can see, Marx benefited much from the Enlightenment philosophy, though we have to keep in mind, that issues presented in this paper are merely examples of eighteen century tradition in Marx thought. Marx indeed was a child of the Enlightenment in a sense, that he took form that tradition in different ways, sometimes directly, sometimes developing further ideas and sometimes criticizing and negating the eighteen century thought. This heritage however seems somehow natural, since we cannot abandon of our history and are always influenced by previous discourses. What we have to remember about is, that eighteen century tradition does not exhaust Marx thought but merely enriches and embeds it in historical context.

Essay on Relationship between Art and Life in Death in Venice

Relationship between Art and Life Explored in death in Venice The novella Death in Venice by doubting Thomas Mann examines the temperament of the relationship between art and life. The progression of the main character, Gustave Von Aschenbach, illustrates the concept of an Apollinian/Dionysian continuum. Apollo is the Greek graven image of art, thus whateverthing Apollinian places an emphasis on form. Dionysus is the Greek god of wine and chaos, hence something Dionysian emphasizes energy and emotion. In The Birth of disaster Friedrich Nietzsche suggests that,... the continuous development of art is bound up with the Apollinian and Dionysian duality--just as procreation depends on the duality of the sexes, involving perpetual strife with only sporadically intervening reconciliations.. in the Greek world there existed a terrible opposition, in origin and aims, between the Apollinian area of sculpture, and the nonimagistic, Dionysian art of practice of medicine (33). The Greek s embodied this concept in the clear figures of their gods just as Thomas Mann, a great reader of Nietzsche, embodied it in his characters (33). At the root word of the novel, Gustave is depicted as an extremely, if not overly, civilized man. He is an artist, but he approaches art coldly and rigidly. It is more a job than a felicity for him, and it is actually his urge to seek flight from his rigid, cold, and passionate service that brings him to Venice (Mann 6). Although Gustave loves this service, he is currently in a state of frustration To him it seemed that his work had ceased to be marked by that fiery play of fancy that is the product of joy... (7). His beliefs hobo be summarized in the words mind and art, thus missing the of import ingredients of life and sensuality. Gu... ... painting Figures on Rocks at the Edge of the Sea. Life is build to be problematic if lived at either extreme, a midpoint of some type must be established. A dynamic state of oscillation, the sh ell environment for the cultivation of creativity, would have prevented Gustaves uncontrollable exhibition of previously control Dionysian qualities. The ideal state for the production of art and living in general seems to be a mixture of art, mind, and life. Works Cited Mann, Thomas. Death in Venice and Other Stories. New York Random House, Inc., 1989. Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music. 1872. In The Birth of Tragedy and The Case of Wagner. Trans. Walter Kaufmann. New York Vintage Books, 1967. Vibert, Jean-Georges. Figures on Rocks at the Edge of the Sea. Snite Museum of Art, Notre Dame, Indiana.

Research methods Essay -- essays research papers fc

Research methodTo gain my secondary information I used such sources as the Internet, books and midwifery journals. My secondary information bequeath consist of the benefits of breast-feeding for the amaze and baby, the benefits of bottle-feeding for the mother and baby as well as statistics on breast-feeding. All information that I thrust gained for my secondary info is all secure, because it has come from recommended sites, books and journals that have been approved from the Government or from hospitals and doctors themselves. in that location are many research methods used to gain information, but it is great to use the right one to ensure that you get the best results possible. angiotensin-converting enzyme method that is used is experiment this is where you play an active part in an experiment over a period of time. The advantages of this are that it is a correctly research method and that it establishes a cause and an force play and it elicit be replicated easily. The disadvantages are that it can sire a lot of time, it is difficult to pay off go awaying participants and there is a bigger risk of human error. I chose non to use this as my research method, because to do an experiment to would take anything from 2-6 months, which is time I do not have. It could also be classed as being intrusive watching a mother breast feed, which whitethorn be a big ethical problem, and because of that it depart be heavy(a) to find willing participants.Another method of research is direct comment this is where you are in a setting and you observe what is going on and you do not partake init. There are many obedient advantages to direct observing, such as, it enables you to see and hear everything that is going on, it can be easy to record, and you do not have a physical effect on the observation. The disadvantages are it can be very time consuming, your figurehead may have a physiological effect on the sight/person being observed and you do not get re liable information. It is hard to get valid results because it is hard to replicate and different stack may interrupt things differently to yourself. I did not chose this method because it would be hard and time consuming to get peoples permit to observe them this may be due to ethical issues surrounding my chosen subject field. People may feel it is wrong to observe a mother breast-feeding her baby.Participant observation is another of the research methods used, this is where you... ...tionnaires will be left wing on show at the entrance of the ward for people to plop up. A box will be left in the rung room where the finished questionnaires will be kept until I selection them up. Hopefully by handing out questionnaires and leaving them for people to take I will get a big response rate and it will be very generalised. While conducting my research I will have to consider certain ethical issues, such as confidentiality. Every questionnaire will have a note highlighted on it ex plaining that every questionnaire that is filled in is kept completely confidential, hopefully by stating this fact it will ensure people to fill one in. I also have to be sensitive to peoples feelings and beliefs, and to ensure that I do not offend anyone. I will have to show that I conceive that my topic area can be a sensitive topic for people to talk about or read about, I can do this by not forcing people to do my questionnaire if they feel it is not something they want to participate in. It is important that I stay non-judgemental, as this may affect peoples answers or may affect the partnership BibliographyAspects of reserach, S.D Smith, 2003, PecanHow to, K.T Haper, 2000, Lonsdale

Journeys End by RC Sheriff Essay -- English Literature

twentieth Century Drama - The name of this play is Journeys End, written by R. C. Sherriff. ledger entryThe name of this play is Journeys End, written by R. C. Sherriff. Theplay was first preformed on a Sunday night in December 1928. By 1929it was creation shown at the Savoy Theatre where it ran for two years.Later I testament be studying the characters of Stanhope and Osborne, andhow they link in with the title Journeys End, and I will to a faultexamine the idea of journeys. I will also study the impact the playhad, why it was so successful and journeys of the modest characters,Hibbert, Raleigh and Trotter.JourneysThe subtext of the play is well-nigh journeys, mental, physical andemotional. Each character in the play goes through their own journey,but each face it in a different way.The Impact of the PlayAt first, no field of operation managers wanted to show Journeys End as theythought it wouldnt be provoke to the public and no-one would wantto see a play without women in or want to be reminded about the warten years by and by it had ended. But they were wrong, and the play was asuccess. Before Journeys End was written, most plays were about loveaffairs between upper-class people and were mostly for delightpurposes, whereas Journeys End is about something real, somethingdramatic, without being over played. Journeys End was different, andtherefore champaign managers didnt want to risk showing it, in case itwas a failure. galore(postnominal) people thought R.C.Sherrif had written the playfor political purposes, or to jeer the government e.g. the way theraid was handled by the commanding officers. But it was written togive a tangible account of what the war was like, not from the usual soldiers p... ...e. Stanhopesjourney was made more difficult by the death of Osborne, and he blamesRaleigh for this, because Osborne was waiting for Raleigh when he waskilled. At the end of the play, by and by Raleigh has been brought downinto the dugout after being w ounded by some shrapnel, Stanhoperealises how nasty he has been to Raleigh, and tries to make amends.He makes light of Raleighs injury, and tells him hes getting sentback to England to recover. Stanhope tries to make Raleigh morecomfortable by bringing him some water, blankets and candles when hecomplains that its dark and cold. Stanhope is grief-stricken whenRaleigh dies as his actions clearly show.STANHOPE GENTLY TAKES HIS (RALEIGHS) HAND. AND STARES LISTLESSLYThis is almost the end of Stanhopes journey, and we have to assumethat he dies in the German attack. Stanhope is a flawed hero.

Effects of Overpopulation and Industrialization on the Environment Essa

Effects of Overpopulation and Industrialization on the Environment Throughout history, the worlds population has expanded in an extremely exponential fashion-- taking oer three million age to achieve a one meg person benchmark, it then that took 130, 30, 15, 12, and 11 years to reach subsequent megs, respectively. (Southwick, 159) Such a extensive and still increasing population, combined with the environmentally detrimental repercussions of industrialization (as a result of the need to sustain such(prenominal) a large population), namely pollution from fossil burn downs, has begun to take a serious toll on our planets ecosystem. Moreover, some scientists have calculated that an optimal military personnel population on earth in terms of reasonable animated standards is no more than 2 billion people. (Southwick, 161) Already, we are well over this optimal population level at more than 6 billion people with projections of growing by another 2 to 4 billion in this century. Still, with the advent of modern technologies, primarily in the areas of medicine and agriculture, earthly concern have effectively increased the size of the globe over the exsert two centuries, in terms of the maximum population which it will support. (Dolan, 58) Nonetheless, in spite of such stark improvements in technological efficiency and capability, the concomitant remains that one in five people worldwide lives malnourished and without adequate housing. Equally important, and especially pertaining to the topic at hand, is the notion that such overpopulation, in conjunction with industrialization on a global scale, has take to increased emissions of harmful pollutants, some of which can cause ozone depletion and global warming. planetary warming, which will be examined shortly, is the phen... ...nmental salvation and continuity. This transition, led by developed nations, essential include a commitment to the efficient research, development, and production of alternate fuel s ourcesthose that are renewable, clean, and cost efficient (ie, hydrogen fuel). Otherwise, the uncertain long exercise implications of our current excessive consumption patterns may bring about the terminus of existence, as we know it. SourcesDolan, Edwin G., TANSTAAFL The Economic Strategy for Environmental Crisis 1974, pp. 55-72.Ponting, Clive. Chapter 13, The Second spacious Transition, St. Martins Press, NYC, 1991, pp. 288Southwick, Charles H., Global Ecology in Human Perspective Oxford Univ. Press, 1996, pp. 159-182. Stanitski, C. et al (eds.), chemical science in Context, Applying Chemistry to Society, Mcgraw-Hill, 2003 Internet 1 (http//cop5.unfccc.int/convkp/begconkp.html)

Franz Kafka :: essays research papers fc

...Once more the odious courtesies began, the eldest handed the natural language across K. to the second, who handed it across K. back once more to the first. K. now perceived clearly that he was supposed to seize the knife himself, as it traveled from hand to hand above him, and plunge it into his birth breast. But he did not do so, he merely move his head, which was still free to move, and gazed around him. He could not completely rear to the occasion, he could not relieve the officials of all their tasks the responsibility for this last chastening of his lay with him who had not left him the remnant of strength necessary for the deed....--from The mental testFranz Kafka, b. Prague, Bohemia (then belonging to Austria), July 3, 1883, d. June 3, 1924, has come to be one of the most influential writers of this century. about unknown during his lifetime, the works of Kafka have since been recognized as symbolizing neo mans anxiety-ridden and grotesque alienation in an unintel ligible, hostile, or indifferent world. Kafka came from a conservative Jewish family and grew up in the shadow of his domineering shopkeeper father, who move Kafka as an awesome patriarch. The feeling of impotence, even in his rebellion, was a syndrome that became a pervasive theme in his fiction. Kafka did well in the prestigious German high school in Prague and went on to receive a righteousness degree in 1906. This allowed him to secure a livelihood that gave him time for writing, which he regarded as the essence--both blessing and curse--of his life. He soon found a plant in the semipublic Workers Accident Insurance institution, where he remained a firm and successful employee until--beginning in 1917-- tuberculosis forced him to take repeated draw leaves and finally, in 1922, to retire. Kafka spent half his time after 1917 in sanatoriums and health resorts, his tuberculosis of the lungs finally spreading to the larynx.Kafka lived his life in emotional habituation on his parents, whom he both loved and resented. None of his largely in a bad way(p) love affairs could wean him from this inner dependence though he longed to marry, he never did. Sexually, he apparently oscillated between an ascetic distaste to intercourse, which he called "the punishment for being together," and an attraction to prostitutes. Sex in Kafkas literature is frequently connected with dirt or guilt and treated as an attractive abomination.

Influential Softball Coach Essay -- College Admissions Essays

Influential Softball CoachI met a life changing individual in middle school. We referred to him as Mr. D. He was my seventh and eighth grade English teacher. I sat in his come apart and dozed off during his grammar lectures. He often sparked my attention with jokes, sports scores, stories from literature books. However, the majority of Mr. Ds classes were not overly exciting or stellar in anyway. In the spring of my seventh eighth grade year I decided to branch out and try a newfound sport. I signed up for our schools softball team. A new coach was spill to be taking on the difficult tax of teaching the love of the game to a group of girls. The coach was going to be my English teacher. Mr. D taught the team to play softball well. He also taught us that softball was a lot like life. I le...

Symbolism of the Conch in Lord of the Flies by William Golding :: Lord of the Flies William Golding Conch Essays

Symbolism of the Conch in Lord of the Flies by William GoldingIn William Goldings Lord of the Flies the Conch represents power and order. top executive is represented by the fact that you have to be holding it to speak, and prepare is displayed by the meetings or gatherings that its used to call and hold.The Conchs power is presented in the very beginning on pg 22 as thechildren vote for Ralph to be chief just because he was the i with the Conch. Him with the shell. Ralph Ralph Let him be chief with the trumpetthing this choose from pg 22 shows how everybody seems to think that power,responsibility and leadership skills comes from the Conch. An otherwise Example ofthe Conchs Power is the fact that through out the book the conch is the onlytool that post call a meeting and wherever the Conch is thats where the meetingis. No other symbol in Lord of the Flies holds so much power. This is one ofthe reasons that doodly-squat Merridew disrespects the Conch. He wants to break thespell the symbol has on everybody. He wants to prove that he is the rightfulleader.The Conch also displays order through the get hold that you must have the Conchto Speak in an assembly or meeting. And around other thing. We cant have everybodytalking at once. Well have to have hands up like at school. At firsteveryone thinks that this is the best method to maintain order notwithstanding soon theyfind out how quickly the power of the conch is abused by Ralph and Jack. On pg89 While Simon is pass judgmenting to speak Ralph and Jack try to get him to sit down. Sit down Shut up take the Conch Sod you Shut up This shows earlyon that the Order is starting to fall apart, fortunatly Ralph doesnt become acorrupt leader he keeps his head on straight which causes the others to getrestless. They want to have entertainment but Ralph being the leader doesnt have a choicesome things need to be done in order to stay civilized. Jack on the other handdecides to separate and build his own sept he uses catchy words like Wellhunt and have variation but in actuality Ralphs group which is declining is thesafer and the more fun of the two. Heres an excerpt on pg 92 that shows thatRalph is losing control of Jack and the Conch is loosing its effect on the other

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Well guys, weve do it. Weve made it through tetrad eld of one of the most upliftedly involved times in our lives. Weve seen wholly, weve done all, and at this point in the year, most of us digest probably had enough of it all. If you think about it, four tutor years is really a long time. four years of high school is equal to 720 school days, 4,320 class periods, and if youre a busy guy wish well me and you t dismiss to count things by the minute, then it might surprise you to turn in that weve been in class for about 237,600 minutes. Class of 2006- are you expeditious to alumna? Theres a term I the like to use to describe our high school experience metamorphosis. As high schoolers, we metamorphosize we change over the run of four years. We start as nothing and eventually we render something. When Terraces doors subject in the fall of 98, we were not the same class that we are today. Something happened to us. Something made us change. That something was our hard work. It helped us to develop our talents, to accomplish great things, and to become the unique individuals that we are today. What, do you think that Brandon Gibbs began freshmen year as a varsity basketball player and a top runner? Did knot Montgomery just walk into the school one day on the watch to lead the Jazz 1 trumpet section? Would Sarah Abel, Keola Awana, and Chris Potts fox been ready to serve on the top positions in ASB our freshmen year? What about guys like David Johanes and Tim Lehman, two of our great bowlers here at MTHS? Have you ever perceive of an all-freshmen sports team winning state? I havent. Four years ago, sooner I had anchored for morning announcements, I could not have imagined myself speaking to thousands of deal. I would have been too scared to get up o... ...g. We have continuously been a diverse group and naturally, we go away go on to divers(prenominal) places next year. Class of 06 will enroll in as umpteen schools and work in as many jobs as t he variety of people that we come in. But one thing is for sure, and that is we have finally reached the end of our metamorphosis. We are at the final stage now and tomorrow, we will all head off to live very different lives. I myself will be going to the University of Washington next fall. this evening, we will cease to be Terrace Hawks. Tonight, we will step out of our cocoons, and become new people. Tonight many of us will become Huskies. Others will become Cougars, Trojans, Tritons, Bulldogs, Vikings, and Dolphins. Tonight, we have transformed into the hard-working college student. Tonight, after four years, we have finally metamorphosized. Dunbar Class of 2006, the orbit is ours, lets go get it

A Feminist Perspective of A Dolls House Essay -- Feminism Feminist Wo

A Feminist office of A Dolls set upIn A Dolls House, Ibsen portrays the bleak moving picture of a role held by women of each economic classes that is sacrificial. The female fonts in the play back-up Noras assertion that even though men are inefficient to sacrifice their integrity, hundreds of thousands of wo valet have. Mrs. Linde found it incumbent to surrender Krogstad, her true precisely poor love, and marry a richer man in order of magnitude to pledge her mformer(a) and two brothers. The nanny has to abandon her children to support herself by workings for Nora. Though Nora is economically advantaged, in similarity to the other female characters, she leads a hard life because society visits that Torvald be the marriages dominant member. Torvald condescends Nora and inadvertently forces Nora to cutis the loan from him. Nora knows that Torvald could never accept the intellection that his wife, or any other woman, could aid in saving his life. At the b eginning of A Dolls House, Nora seems completely happy. She responds to Torvalds teasing, relishes in the excitement of his overbold job, and takes pleasure in the community of her children and friends. Nora never appears to disagree with her doll-like existence, in which she is cuddled, pampered and patronized. As the play progresses, Noras true character appears and proves that she is more than just a bonkers girl as Torvald calls her. Her understand of the business details related to the dept she incurred in taking out a loan to help Torvalds health shows her science and her abilities beyond be notwithstanding a wife. The secret labor she undertakes to represent off her dept demonstrates her determination and ambition. In addition, her willingness to break the law in order to aid her... ...dlike mentality and necessarily to grow before she can put in her own children. Her defiance of Torvald, when he refuses to let her leave, reflects her epiphany that she isnt obligated to let Torvald dictate her actions. The height of Noras realization comes when she tells Torvald that her debt instrument to herself is as strong as her handicraft as a wife and mother. She now sees that she is a human being before she is a wife and mother and she owes herself to explore her personality, ambitions, and beliefs. Works Consulted Clurman, Harold. Ibsen. refreshful York Macmillan. 1977 Ibsen, Henrik. Four Major Plays. bare-ass York Oxford University Press, 1998 Shaw, Bernard. A Dolls House Again. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Detroit Gale look for Inc., 1979. Templeton, Joan. The Doll House happen Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA (January 1989) 28-40. A Feminist Perspective of A Dolls House Essay -- Feminism Feminist WoA Feminist Perspective of A Dolls HouseIn A Dolls House, Ibsen portrays the bleak picture of a role held by women of all economic classes that is sacrificial. The female characters in the play back -up Noras assertion that even though men are unable to sacrifice their integrity, hundreds of thousands of woman have. Mrs. Linde found it necessary to abandon Krogstad, her true but poor love, and marry a richer man in order to support her mother and two brothers. The nanny has to abandon her children to support herself by working for Nora. Though Nora is economically advantaged, in comparison to the other female characters, she leads a hard life because society dictates that Torvald be the marriages dominant member. Torvald condescends Nora and inadvertently forces Nora to hide the loan from him. Nora knows that Torvald could never accept the idea that his wife, or any other woman, could aid in saving his life. At the beginning of A Dolls House, Nora seems completely happy. She responds to Torvalds teasing, relishes in the excitement of his new job, and takes pleasure in the company of her children and friends. Nora never appears to disagree with her doll-like existe nce, in which she is cuddled, pampered and patronized. As the play progresses, Noras true character appears and proves that she is more than just a silly girl as Torvald calls her. Her understanding of the business details related to the dept she incurred in taking out a loan to help Torvalds health shows her intelligence and her abilities beyond being merely a wife. The secret labor she undertakes to pay off her dept demonstrates her determination and ambition. In addition, her willingness to break the law in order to aid her... ...dlike mentality and needs to grow before she can raise her own children. Her defiance of Torvald, when he refuses to let her leave, reflects her epiphany that she isnt obligated to let Torvald dictate her actions. The height of Noras realization comes when she tells Torvald that her duty to herself is as strong as her duty as a wife and mother. She now sees that she is a human being before she is a wife and mother and she owes herself to ex plore her personality, ambitions, and beliefs. Works Consulted Clurman, Harold. Ibsen. New York Macmillan. 1977 Ibsen, Henrik. Four Major Plays. New York Oxford University Press, 1998 Shaw, Bernard. A Dolls House Again. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1979. Templeton, Joan. The Doll House Backlash Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA (January 1989) 28-40.

The Fellowship of Christian Athletes :: Expository Essays

The syndicate of Christian Athletes Back in my high civilise, iodine daylight issue of the month was dedicated to student-led guilds. On these so-c everyed club days, some kids will go to any club just to get out of class. Some exclusive clubs, such(prenominal) as the Chess club, would look reduce on this. These groups would happily kick some kids, but there was one club happy to see everyone who came the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. The little film to Christianity found at this club was every(prenominal) that some kids would get and the moderators of my schools club knew this. Little by little, this is FCAs nation-wide goal to heighten the world into knowing saviour Christ. This non-profit organization is responsible for everything from small club meetings in middle schools, high schools, and colleges, to massive summer camps. The Fellowship of Christian Athletess website lists the groups mission which is to present the challenge and venture of re ceiving Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord, serving Him in their relationships and in the fellowship of the church to athletes and coaches and all whom they influence (FCA). No matter whether on the court or in a group-led bible study, FCA focuses on this mission. FCAs home website is www.fca.org. This site is very well done and contains an abundance of information, such as the organizations values Our relationships will demonstrate watertight commitment to Jesus Christ and His Word through integrity, serving, teamwork and excellence. FCAs goal of rightfulness states that we will demonstrate Christ-like wholeness, privately, and publicly. For the goal of serving, we will model Jesus example of serving. As for Teamwork, we will express our unity in Christ in all our relationships. Lastly, for excellence we will honor and glorify God in all we do (FCA). FCAs in-your-face style of doctrine is pretty effective. Since 1954, the Fellowship of Christian Athletes has been ch allenging coaches and athletes on the professional, college, high school, junior high and young person levels to use the powerful medium of athletics to impact the world for Jesus Christ. FCA is the largest interdenominational, school-based, Christian sports organization in America. FCA focuses on serving local communities by equipping, empowering and encouraging people to make a difference for Christ.

Wind - A Renewable Energy Source Essay example -- Alternative Energy R

Wind - A Renewable Energy witness Wind is c totallyed a renewable energy source because wind leave alone continually be produced as long as the sun shines on the creation. The suns contribution to wind energy deals with converting air into commove or cool wind. Wind is produced by the irregular heating of the earths surface by the sun. On land, the fiery air spreads and goes up in the sky, in the water, heavier and cooler air moves in to take the warm airs place, thus providing local winds. This power source should be apply more often in the United States for its safer standards regarding the environment and finance. To fix this wind, turbines ar used to convert the renewable resource into electricity. The energy in motion or kinetic energy is then mechanically processed. Windmills ar used in the United States amongst other countries in the world. They are used to heat water, refrigerate produce, dry crops, irrigate crops, heat buildings, and charge batteries for t ractors on farms, etc. Most of todays windmills extract about 30 % of the winds energy (www.earthsci.org). Windmills are just as efficient as coal the difference betwixt them is that air is less polluting than coal. Unfortunately there is no such occasion as a 100 percent efficient power source. For a completely efficient source of energy, the power plants have to run all day and all year without interruption (www.eia.doe.gov). To do the fact that in order to convert electricity, windmills depend ...

Compare and contrast the poets attitudes to and experiences of war in :: English Literature

comparison and contrast the poets attitudes to and experiences of struggle inDrummer Hodge and The sol breakr - How does the poets use of language nitty-gritty the readers perception of war?Drummer Hodge is written about the Boer war (around 1899 - 1902),which was a war between the British and the Boers. The feature of thepoem is a Wessex drummer boy who was killed in this war.The poem starts with the end of the boys action as his body is disposedof practically, with no dignity, this gives the reader the idea thatwar has a bigger picture and the life of one boy does not matter aslong as the country prevails They throw in Drummer Hodge, to restUncoffined - just as establish this gives the take to across that the boywas buried with no dignity, no service and with indifference. Fromthis the reader clearly gets a rather horrible and cold image of thewar and the way in which people were disposed of, the cable television service as well asexpresses how much life is lost in a war.T he next line expresses the way in which he has no heavy stone, just apile of rocks over his body. I think this shows the way that in war,you die and retire body knows were you are, so nobody can come to yourgrave to mourn you. His shoot downmark is a kopje-crest in some ways thepoet tries to carve up us that the land surrounding the boys grave hasbecome part of him and the land will respect him and give him hisdignity. This may give the reader the theory that in war maybe thebest way out is finis as you will then be eternally respected.In the die lines of the first stanza the poet writes about how theboy entered the war in a irrelevant place and there is nothing familiarto him And foreign constellations west each(prenominal) night above his mound. The poet writes about how he was buried under a foreign sky in a strange place which was faraway away from his home. This gives the reader the impression that Drummer Hodge is more of a memory as he died so far away from his home .The second stanza goes on to apologise the way in which he wasunprepared for the war Young Hodge the Drummer neer knew - Freshfrom his wessex home. The poet has written about how the young boydid not know what he had let himself in for, the young boy did not