Diuretics Used in Sport

Alan Green W10013152 Methods of enquiry in sport and exercise science Structured essay Diuretics used in sport Diuretics are chemicals which are often used in sport to aid performance. The function of diuretics is to change the natural balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. Some athletes use diuretics to control weight; this is especially important in sports such as boxing where participants need to meet weight categories. Not only can diuretics help athletes to perform in lighter weight categories, they can also be used as a masking agent for other drugs.Diuretics dilute urine which can often help pass drugs tests. It is important that drugs such as diuretics are identified and managed in sports performance. This is especially true at elite levels as athletes have an unfair advantage when taking drugs to improve success. The use of research questions can help the understanding of drugs such as diuretics being used in sport. For research questions to be beneficial they have to be all of the following: Specific, measurable, achievable and realistic. Below are 4 specific research questions based around diuretics being used at elite levels in sport.By identifying research questions, understanding of the problem is increased: 1. To what extent can diuretics be used to improve an athlete’s performance? The use of this research question will allow the understanding of the physiological effect diuretics have on the body of an athlete. Article: Drugs in sport: Diuretics and masking agents. Mottram. 2. What is the relationship between diuretic consumption and the masking of performance enhancing drugs? Answering this research question will allow the understanding on how diuretics can be used as a masking agent for other performance enhancing drugs.Article: Exercise and sports nutrition: Principles, Promises, science and recommendations. Krieder et al. 3. What would be the overall effects on sport if the ban on diuretics and the drugs they mask was lifted ? By answering this research question, the ethics behind sport and fair play can be understood. Article: Anti-doping policies: New directions, Waddington and Smith. 4. What effects does the long term use of diuretics have on dehydration? Answering this research question will help the understanding of the effects of changing the natural balance of fluids in the body and how they can affect the liver causing dehydration.Article: Performance enhancing drugs in sport and exercise, Bahrke and Yesalis 5. What effect doe duretics have on cell structure The question being used for the remainder of this essay is: What would be the overall effects on sport if the ban on diuretics and the drugs they mask was lifted? This question can be used to understand the issues around the use of diuretics in sport. By using this research question†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Academic disciplines which provide theorectical underpinning to the research This question can help the understanding of the psychological effects on using diuretics.Allowing the use of diuretics in sport would affect athletes psychologically by making them feel superior and confident about their performance. However if performance enhancing drugs were legalised in sport, athletes would have unfair advantages. Diuretics are commonly used in sports which have weight categories such as boxing and body building In order to collect data from the research question, it has to be operationalised. Design Sample Instrumental Data analysis One problem with validity, one with reliability and one with ethics ValidityTo answer this I looked at what validity is in research terms. Basically validity is whether the research is really measuring what it claims to be measuring and as objectively as it says it is. Is the researcher really looking to prove a point or disprove a point and in doing so have they used a) Valid research questions to measure the required information and b) Is the research really measuring what is says it is measuring It is not difficult to see that if the answer to the above questions are both â€Å"no† then the research must be said to be invalid ReliabilityReliability looks at whether the research can be reliable in as much as can it be applied to a wider group with confidence that the same or similar results will follow thus making the research reliable. It is clear that reliability has a direct link then to sample sizes and sample validity and the spectrum of the sample, for example if a piece of company research only sampled 50 of its customers from 20,000 customers all of whom had completed a satisfaction survey and returned it with positive result in the past, could this be said to be a reliable as it has clearly taken a relatively small sample and unethically used past known positives?It can be seen that the data capture process or research methods have a big impact on reliability. Ethics Again I sought to answer this question by looking at what ethics was in both normal everyday si tuations and in research terms. In both cases it appears to be about morals and right and wrong. The debate in research terms seems to be a very large one, however I came across this statement â€Å"†¦.. our assumption is that academic freedom does not confer a â€Å"right to do research† Anthropology Matters Journal 2010, Vol 12 (1) http://eprints. oas. ac. uk/10352/1/The_problem_of_ethics_in_contemporary_anthropological_research. pdf From this and further reading I think the single biggest problem with research ethics is different people have different ethical value bases and believe different things are right and wrong. It is clear however that if the ethical basis of the research can be easily attacked then it validity and reliability must both come into question.It is also clear that different sectors of society may take different views from different perspectives i. e. a financial institutuion may take a different view than a church. References: ALPHABETICAL ORDER Waddingoton, I. Smith, A. (2009) Addicted to winning? An introduction to drugs in sport. Richard B. Kreider, Brian C. Leutholtz, Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch 2009 Michael S. Bahrke, Charles Yesalis – 2002 – David. R Mottram 2011 5th editition

Methods Which Writers Use to Develop Their Style Essay

Explore the methods which writers use to develop the ways in which their characters see and understand their own worlds in ‘Pride and Prejudice’ and ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ Austen first published ‘Pride and Prejudice’ in 1813 the novella touches on several themes such as prejudice, first impressions and pride; themes that individually define the main characters. Charlotte Perkin Gilman an American writer first published ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ in 1892, the novella touches upon attitudes in the nineteenth century towards women’s physical and mental health. Writers tend to contrast characters hoping to intrigue the readers in the variation of characterisation. Throughout this essay I will illustrates the ways in which characters see and understand their own worlds through ‘Pride and Prejudice’ by Jane Austen and ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ by Charlotte Perkin Gilman. Darcy is the character most often associated with pride and Elizabeth Bennett with prejudice. Ironically the novel was originally called ‘First Impressions’ an aspect Darcy seems to lack originally. Understanding the world can be perceived in many different aspects; literally or figuratively. The protagonists; Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy capture our attention from the beginning of the novel. Austen is able to contradict the patriarchal society that existed in the nineteenth century, as she builds Elizabeth to be rational, strong and independent. Women were mainly seen in this time to entertain yet Elizabeth did not carry these traits. Her perspective of the world was different to how her mother saw her future, she rejects two men of which rank highly on the social ladder proposal towards her. Ironically she ends the novel marrying the wealthiest of them all. Whereas, Darcy originally is not fond of Elizabeth ‘She is tolerable, I suppose, but not handsome enough to tempt me’ his second glance at her changes his judgement he describes her eyes to be. Darcy emits a character full of pride and arrogance qualities that seemed typical from a man of his status. The Yellow Wallpaper; the narrator sets an omniscient tone on the novella, it is written in first person narrative, for example ‘I’ this allows the readers to feel somewhat emotional attraction, towards the onset of the novella. The novella is a paradox; the narrator loses touch with the outer world, as she comes to a greater understanding of the inner reality of her life. It dwells upon a controversial issue; postnatal depression an illness that has become more common in our patriarchal society. ‘Pride and  Prejudice’; Jane Austen effectively portrays the way characters can understand and see things, in a literal as well as metaphorical aspect. Ironically the protagonist; Elizabeth Bennet believes to have the greatest understanding of people yet she falls short when she fails to understand Wickam. Initially losing some of her pride ‘I who have prided myself on my discernment†¦ how humiliating is this discovery’ she realises that she is a bad judge of character. Though Elizabeth constantly reminds us of her understanding of characters she clearly in occasions see’s things differently. In addition, the narrator in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ suffers from postnatal depression, however still manages to cope, because her source of relief is self-expressed through her creative and imaginative outlook on her depression. Her husband; John believes her depression to be a ‘temporary nervous depression – a slight hysterical tendency’. This quotation clearly suggests John relies more on his medical education than his wife’s feelings and opinions, he neglects her consultation on her illness, he just accepts the fact that he is not going to listen to her. Evidence of this is shown â€Å"You see he does not believe I am sick! And what can one do?†. This quotation further suggests there lack of communication in the relationship, John has trapped her in this room ‘for her health’ she describes he r room, to be ‘horrid’ however because he is a high standing doctor which is initiated in the beginning of the novella, she believes him. He trusts that the â€Å"illness† of hers is simply a nervous condition, which would easily be cured with lots of rest and very little intellectual time hence. Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy a main character in the novella arrives at Longbourn, originally the Bennets are fond of him ‘Darcy was clever. He was at the same time haughty, reserved and fastidious, and his manners, though well bred, were not inviting.. he was continually giving offence’ there thoughts of him had quickly changed. Austen builds him to be a character we become greatly fond of as we witness his beliefs towards Elizabeth’s family he is straight forward in that matter rude yet honest. However we grow knowledge of his action in the break-up of Jane and Mr Bingley, he was wrong about Jane’s feelings and in this he lacks the ability to understand what happens behind a situation. Lady Catherine, who possesses wealth and social standing, is condescending, although her manner is seen by some as entirely proper and even admirable. She is a fixed character of exaggerated  propensities, in her case representing the extremes of snobbish and pride and prejudice. Prejudice seems to be a theme that exists within all the characters, the hunger to wed into a wealthy family this touches on pride another theme that commonly exists. Austen conveys Lady Catherine to be the wicked witch, she is strong willed and values status her beliefs are traditional. The scene where Elizabeth is invited to her home she undermines her and disapproves of her family with her snide comments. Darcy ‘looked a little ashamed of his ill-breeding’ he is offended by her lack of manners, especially towards Elizabeth, and later, courts her disapproval by marrying Elizabeth in spite of her objections. Lady Catherine indicates her understanding of her own world to be fairly clear, she believes highly in the social hierarchy and isn’t the least fond of mixing beneath her class. Overall, the two major themes of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice are summed up in the title. The first aspect can be traced in the actions and statements of the work’s entire major and many of its minor characters. Austen and Charlotte share the comparison of misunderstood characters, the narrator in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ and Darcy in ‘Pride and Prejudice’. Though 80% of Austens novel is dialogue this only seems to intrigues the readers more, suggesting that the characters appear to need to express themselves through writing, a reason may be because they feel they will able to justify themselves; Darcy and Elizabeth’s typical romance may have not blossomed if not for this. To conclude the themes that existed within both novellas were boldly effective.

The Theory of Obligation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Theory of Obligation - Essay Example The religious obligations prohibit the individuals from committing sins i.e. lying, cheating, adultery, fornication, drinking and disobeying the parents, teachers, and elders at large. Similarly cultural obligations demand for observing the norms, values and traditions, prevailing in the social establishment. Consequently, theory of obligation encompasses all aspects of individual and collective human life in order to make society a peaceful place of living. Great philosopher of ancient Greece Aristotle has presented his Theory of Virtue where he submits to state that the source of all kinds of virtue and goodness is one and the same (Nicomachean Ethics, 1096a30). The notion is universally followed by the thinkers and philosophers by taking it the scale to measure the magnitude of good and positive behaviour of the people and its association with their overall attitude while entering into interaction with others. Aristotle’s mentor Plato has presented the doctrine that Almight y God is the source of all goodness and energy, from Whom all goodness arrives to illuminate the universe. Aristotelian proposition is based upon his famous doctrine of the soul, where body contains the soul, it must possess the qualities attributed to the soul. However, body is frequently stated as materialistic and unholy one in comparison to the soul, which is pure and clean. In other words, goodness of soul can be witnessed through the performances being made by the human body containing the attributes of the soul existing into the body. PART II Keeping in view the Obligation Theory as well as Aristotelian doctrine of Virtue, I will strictly observe kindness, benevolence, meekness, humility, truthfulness, equality and justice while interacting with other members of society. I will stick to these noble principles in my individual and social life. I will pay due heed to my studies, and would strive my best to obtain excellent marks in examination. Hence, I will not deceive my pare nts and teachers, who are making investment of time, and energies on my educational career. I will attend the church on every Sunday in order to pay my humblest gratitude to my Creator for His countless mercies and bounties upon me. I will try to follow the noble teachings manifestly mentioned in the Holy Scripture, which commands me to worship One God, obey my parents, be humble in prayers, respect the elders, love to the younger, exhibit honesty and integrity in transactions, to help the needy, care the neighbours, be polite to others, and refrain from adultery, fornication, lying, deceiving and breaking the Covenant to the Lord (Leviticus, 19). I will be loyal to my peers in the playground, and sincere to my organisation while entering the professional life. I will try my best to work for the good name and fame of my work place. While elaborating my political views, I will vote and support the most suitable, honest and committed candidate, and hence will never take his racial, et hnic and religious background altogether. I will visit community centres and hospitals at least once in fortnight in order to witness the problems faced by the people belonging to my community. I will spend some money on charitable issues, to provide financial and moral support to the downtrodden and needy.

Racial Discrimination Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Racial Discrimination - Research Paper Example The enforcement of laws under Title VII is done by The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and does not protect age discrimination or disability discrimination that are dealt by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act. Employers under the jurisdiction of Title VII include private sector companies whose commercial operations affect â€Å"interstate commerce† and who employ 15 or more employees, Federal, state, and local government employers, Unions, Employment agencies (making hiring referrals). The law permits discrimination on religion, sex, and national origin if there is a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) rationally essential for standard business operations. Organizations that are exempted from Title VII prohibitions and protections are religious organizations, scholastic institutions, or societies, employing persons of a particular religion; bona fide, tax-exempt private clubs; contracts that contain a Bona fi de occupational qualification necessary to perform the job; and aliens employed outside the United States. It is important to note that Title VII does not prohibit all discrimination. Employers are open to study factors such as experience; job knowledge, personality characteristics, provided those factors are interconnected to the job in question. Title VII remedies include reinstatement, back pay, damages and attorney's fees (Feldman, Fox & Morgado, PA). Backpay and similar retrospective support, presented to recipients of employer discrimination, is proposed to reimburse individuals for monetary losses straightforwardly traceable to discriminatory practices. Front pay is remuneration granted for lost compensation (opportunity cost) during the period between judgment and reinstatement. Similar to back pay, front pay fundamentally is the counterpart of lost incomes. A principal petitioner can recover attorney fees under Title VII, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Furthermore, main parties recover "costs" which include filing fees, transcripts, and other entries. Punitive damages exist in cases result from under Title VII (discrimination because of race, sex, national origin, and religion) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), but not the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). These damages are created to reprimand past misconducts and discourage future wrongdoings, and the plaintiff must demonstrate that the employer acted with "malice" or in irresponsible neglect for federally protected legal rights. Elements necessary to establish a prima facie case of employment discrimination? The plaintiff must initially present a prima facie case of discrimination. A prima facie case is that minimum amount of evidence required to claim a legitimate question of discrimination (Air Force Alternative Dispute Resolution Program).

Concert report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concert report - Assignment Example When I walked into the church there were a bunch of chairs directly in front of the stage for the audience, but there were also two rows of chairs on the stage. This was so when the group of performers finished their parts then they could take a rest over there and watch the solo parts of the concert. The audience extremely enjoyed the concert because the Avanti Chamber Singers put on a great show for everyone. This concert was very special for me because it was the first time that I was privileged enough to hear a choir live. Throughout the first half of the program, I would have to say that three songs stood out to me, and all of them were composed by the Brock professor Matthew Therrien. The piece, titled "Requiem," created a warm and sweet image in my mind. The sounds of the violin and piano provided wonderful background music and made me really comfortable. When the female voice came in, I felt like many angels were singing the song at that moment. After the intermission, I would have to say that my most favorite piece was "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot." The reason is that it was one of the very few that I had already heard before that night. This song invoked a range of emotions for me, but I guess I enjoyed the deepness of the voices. It gave me a feeling like I was in church or something because it felt like there was power in the air. Although the song was repetitive in a way, I liked that the choir changed key for each new chorus so that it provided a new sound. The song is very old yet it is still powerful today, and I think that this shows the songs popularity too. This song would have to be my favorite of the night because I could just not resist getting up and clapping in time with the beat. If I had to choose one song for a movie sound track, then it would have to be "Aint Got Time to Die" by Hall Johnson. This song made a real impact on me because it gives hope where there does not seem to be any. I would use in a

Pharmacy Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pharmacy Application - Essay Example It made me wish that I could do something for the people I left behind in Vietnam or at least do something to honor their memory. Some time in 2010, I decided that in order to feel better about my good fortune, of having come to the land of plenty, I needed to give back to the community in memory of those ill people I left in Vietnam. My search for relevant part-time work led me to the Oak Park Regional Medical Center. For more than a year, I did assistant work in the Critical Care Unit Dentistry Department where part of my duties included assisting the dentists with paperwork, sterilizing their tools, filling water pitchers, cleaning out shelves and restocking supplies. While I was working there, I began to observe that the patients who were being treated also had the same complaints as the ones in Vietnam, the medicines were too expensive. But somehow they managed to afford it. I wondered if this case was the same everywhere in America. Then in 2012, I found myself fulfilling my dream of honoring the memory of my countrymen by volunteering at the Shawnee Medical Mission Center. This was the first time that I was exposed to the world of Pharmacy. Here I was tasked to do my part at the In-Patient Pharmacy. My duties here were more important than those that I did at the medical center. I was personally in charge of checking and removing outdated medicines form the supply shelves, as well as labeling medicines. I felt like I was in my element as I did my job there. It felt like the perfect fit for me. So I began to consider a career in Pharmacy. While I was contemplating this idea, I learned that my relative in Vietnam had developed a degenerative nerve disease and she could not afford her medication which only cost $.50 Vietnam cents. She died soon after her diagnosis because they could not afford to medicine. This was the catalyst that I was looking for. My relatives death pushed me to enroll in

The Food and Beverage Operation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Food and Beverage Operation - Assignment Example Gordon, Manager of media relations for the AHLA, says "hotels can impact their bottom line via catering, restaurant, lounges and other food and beverages operations." (James T Aug 01, 2002) The increased number of convention centres, show planners and their emphasis on food and beverage as a way to increase revenues has also made a great fillip to the development of catering management. The hospitality managers are experts who have sound practical knowledge accompanied by theoretical background in meeting the customer preferences in the selection of food and beverages. A large number of food and beverage systems are in operation throughout the country to satisfy the customers with diverse tastes and preferences. There are many ways by which food and beverages can be processed and served. Each one has its own merits and demerits. Mainly, food and beverage service is comprised of two systems, which are complementary to each other. This is one of the crucial tasks of hospitality management as the quality of food and beverage is of utmost concern for all. It is, therefore, important for the catering manager to ensure that only quality food are prepared and served. In fact, the success of catering management depends upon how successful they are in meeting the customers' tastes and preferences. ... 4. Billing 5. Clearing 6. Dish washing 7. Clearing following service (Smith .R, (n.d.) Food and Beverage Service" 6th, Edition Page No. 8) Planning and Development of Recipes and Menus This is one of the crucial tasks of hospitality management as the quality of food and beverage is of utmost concern for all. It is, therefore, important for the catering manager to ensure that only quality food are prepared and served. In fact, the success of catering management depends upon how successful they are in meeting the customers' tastes and preferences. It is a known fact for all that management starts with planning. In the case of catering management also, the first and foremost activity is planning. Planning recipes refers to the process of deciding in advance what kind of food and beverage is needed by the customer. For that, the catering manager must know in advance the kind of gathering for which he/she is going to serve food. For example, if all the people in a party are vegetarians, then there is no meaning in planning non vegetarian cuisine. The various points to be noticed by the catering manager at the time of menu planning are: type of customer Location of Establishment Price range Physical capacity of outlet Staff level and capabilities Kitchen size and equipment availability Food Availability (ALaCarteTraining.com, (n.d) Design a Market Focused Menu) Factors to be considered for Menu Design Menu planning and designing is equally important as planning recipes. It requires utmost care because the menu selected must satisfy the customers. The following must be taken care of by the catering manager: Food preference of Customer a. Changing needs b. Current Trend c. Changing demographic and socio-cultural influences d. Changing

INJURY PREVENTION Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

INJURY PREVENTION - Research Paper Example Statement of the problem and significance of the problem According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, health workers face various injuries in the course of their work. These injuries include needlestick injuries, back injuries, latex allergies, violence, and stress. The rates of these work-related injuries have been increasing throughout the years and â€Å"by contrast, two of the most hazardous industries, agriculture and construction, are safer today than they were a decade ago† (CDC, 2011). According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (n.d) healthcare workers face potential sources of injuries in the clinical areas through bloodborne pathogens, airborne pathogens, ergonomic injuries, slips, trips, falls, and through sharps; in the surgical suites through anesthetic gases, bloodborne pathogens, compressed gases, lasers, and latex; in radiology through radiation, airborne pathogens, and bloodborne pathogens as well; in physical therapy through ergonomics, slips, trips, and falls, through equipment hazards, and bloodborne pathogens; in the pharmacy through latex, drug absorption, and through slips and falls; and in central supply through compressed gases, anesthetic agents, chemical agents, ergonomics, and through burns and cuts. These injuries are sources of significant concern within and outside the health care practice because the appropriate safety precautions must be laid out in order to protect the welfare of all health care workers. Based on the above scenario, this paper now seeks to answer: What are the appropriate programs which need to be implemented to prevent and control the occurrence of the above health care injuries? Monitoring, Detection, Diagnosis of the injury problem In monitoring, detecting, and diagnosing of injuries in the workplace, it is important to observe the activities of healthcare workers. The monitoring of activities can be carried out by observing how the healthcare workers carry out their activities. In observing their activities, it is possible to observe how well these workers comply with the standard precautions of safety. By observing the workers, it is possible to see if they are practicing ergonomics while carrying, transferring and moving patients or while implementing interventions for the patient. The use of gloves, masks, gowns, and other personal protective equipment must be assessed. Evaluating whether or not workers use this protective equipment would determine the presence or absence of risks on the worker’s life. Regular tests of chemical levels and other toxic elements on a worker’s system would also help establish the extent of injury posed on the worker’s life. Radiation strips worn by workers would also help monitor the radiation exposure levels for the workers exposed to radiation and other toxic chemicals. Past and existing studies Various studies have been carried out on the subject matter. These studies have expressed that each year about 385,000 health care workers in hospitals are exposed to bloodborne pathogens, caused mostly by inadvertent needlestick and sharps injuries (National Public Health, 2011). In assessing the risk for injuries, determinants include: overuse of injections and unnecessary sharps, lack of supplies; lack of access to sharps containers; inadequate staffing; recapping of needles after use; lack of engineering controls; lack of awareness

Global Impact of Terrorism and Genocide Coursework

Global Impact of Terrorism and Genocide - Coursework Example The exploitation of fear within the global population, organizations and small social units helps to realize these terrorist goals. The September 11, 2001 attacks were a prominent example of terrorism in the 21st century. The incident involved a series of four separate, but well-coordinated terrorist invasions launched by the al-Qaeda on the New York City and the Washington, D.C. in the United States. The attacks impacted the Macro-system in the sense that the World Trade Centre was closed, and the economic system of Lower Manhattan nearly ground to a halt. Cancellations of international flights and business relations between the world and the two American cities had a substantial effect on the world markets. The Wall Street was also closed for nearly one week, and the civilian airspace three days in United States and Canada. In the Meso-system, different organizations such as churches, schools, and businesses suspended their operations and evacuated in the aftermath of the attack. At the individual and group level or microsystem, people were gripped with fear of a repeat of the attacks that had claimed about 3000 civilian lives. As Schlenger (582) has established, those who lost their loved ones, property or good physical health, have been enduring serious psychological disorders for more than 12 years now. America, Canada, their European allies and the whole world in general have since changed their security policies to eradicate cases of terrorism since then. Pham, P.N., H.M. Weinstein, and T. Longman. "Trauma and PTSD Symptoms in Rwanda: Implications for Attitudes Toward Justice and Reconciliation." Journal of the American Medical Association, 292.5 (2004):

American Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Popular Culture - Essay Example 2. How have popular culture trends and electronic media formulated your views regarding the following topics: social responsibility and civility; family obligations; the human body; justice, law, and order; sexual identity; friendship and love Popular (pop) culture is literally defined as the vernacular culture that prevails on any given society. â€Å"The content of popular culture is determined by the daily interactions, needs and desires, and cultural ‘moments’ that make up the everyday lives of the mainstream.† (â€Å"Wikipedia†, 2006). Culture is a way of defining oneself, and is accepted or regarded by each person in their own way, and yet mass media and mass culture also lets people define themselves in relation to everyone else in mass society. How Have Popular Culture Trends and Electronic Media Formulated Your Views Regarding the Following Topics: Social Responsibility and Civility; Family Obligations; The Human Body; Justice, law and Order; Sexual Identity; Friendship and Love? Popular culture trends are a significant part of all of our lives, and greatly affect the way we feel about ourselves, and about each other, on a daily basis. Whether or regardless of if we recognize it or not, popular culture reflects on us all in way or another. In regards to social responsibility and civility, I believe that due to the heightened propaganda status, or in other words the fact that the media is such a huge part of all of our day to day lives, our assumption and beliefs of what our personal social responsibilities should be have dropped somewhat. In the past, there was a certain aura of politeness and classiness if you will; characteristics which do not seem to be as evident in today’s world. When discussing how pop culture trends have formulated my views regarding family obligations; this is another subject that I would say relates highly to social responsibility and civility in a way. If we take

Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care Essay Introduction The aim of this essay is to review and learn about the perspectives of health and well-being, perspective measures and job roles, factors affecting health and well being, and to do a health promotion campaign. To do this we will look in books and on the internet to research each of these then once we have a good knowledge of them we will produce a campaign to teach to people on a health promotion topic. Defining Health I am doing first part of the essay on health and how people define it. To do this I will be handing out questionnaires and looking through my class notes and reviewing them. There are many definitions of health, but the way you define it depends on the person e.g. â€Å"Being without illness.† this means to have no illnesses or diseases, â€Å"Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.† this statement is trying to say you don’t just have to have an illness to be unwell it also depends on your social and mental state, and how you feel about yourself (W.H.O. 1948), â€Å"Just being happy.† this statement is just saying your healthy if your happy with yourself and your life, â€Å"Health is the extent to which an individual I wear skirts or group is able, on the one hand to realise aspiration and needs; and on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment. Health is therefore seen as a resource for everyday life, not the object of living. It is positive concept emphasing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.† (W. H.O. 1986) etc. (All of these are from class notes) However these views have a negative and positive point side to them such as â€Å"Being without illness† which is negative, because it’s just saying, if you not injured or you don’t have and illness your in good health, but it also depends on a persons state of mind, and how the truly feel about themselves also this is a bit to straight forward, and in considerate of all the other aspects of health (PI.E.S.) because it just says it in a more scientific way (bio-medical – see the body as a machine). Another view on health is â€Å"Being fit. Being the correct weight and height for your age. Feeling well in your self† (Appendix 2) these is a positive and negative view on health because it sees the fact that you can be unhealthy but still be happy and feel good. Bio-medial Model of Health This model of health dominates all other models of health. The Bio-medical or scientific model of health is when you see the body as a machine, so if it’s broken it can be fixed by repairing the damaged part e.g. Car Person Car wont start Person feels ill Call garage Go to G.P. Service Examination Diagnosis Diagnosis Mended Treatment offered Car runs Feeling better (Health and social care ocr: a. fisher etc.: p 78) This form of health doesn’t focus on the mind or the social circumstance; it focuses on understanding how a disease works or how the person can be cured. An example of some one using this form of health care is when a doctor and other qualified people decide on a treatment or diagnosis for a patient, e.g. looking at medical tests and notes to reach a diagnosis. Also there can be a few disadvantages to this model of health e.g. it’s not as suitable for people with long term illnesses or people with disabilities because they can not always be cured, and this form of treatment can be quite intrusive because of tests etc., so some people may not like it and it may make them feel uncomfortable. Another disadvantage is that because it doesn’t look at the social aspects of the patient’s life they may not find the origin of the problem, so the person could become ill again. Social Model of Health This form of health is more about the origins of health in a social situation such as housing, social groups etc., and understanding where the problem started and finding a better way to test the situation for example cleaning the house for dust so it doesn’t aggravate a person’s asthma. Also due to this health model the mortality has dramatically decreased during the 20th century, because people have found the original source of the problem and done something about it and they did it so you can increase a person’s quality of life and decrease illness. However there are disadvantages to this medical model because finding and solving the problems can be hard and it ignores the biomedical model of health. Government Initiative Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation For my health promotion campaign I’m doing smoking so this government initiative links into it. The aim of this government initiative is to improve everyone’s health, and the people who are severally affected in particular. By 2010 they want to †¢ Reduce the death rate from cancer in people under the age of 75 by at least 1/5 †¢ Reduce the death rate from coronary heart disease, stroke and other related illnesses in people under the age of 75 by at least 2/5 †¢ Reduce the death rate from accidents by at least 1/5 and to reduce the rate of serious injury from accidents by at least 1/10 †¢ Reduce the death rate from suicide and undetermined injury by at least 1/5 (Class notes) Due to these things the government brought in some measures to help deal with these problems which are tackling smoking which is one of the biggest causes of ill health along with alcohol, also to tackle sexual health, drugs, food safety, water fluoridation, and communicable diseases, to put more money in the NHS, local authorities and the government focusing on improving health. (Appendix 1) Illness impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism. (http://uk.ask.com/reference/dictionary/wordnetuk/81070/illness) The Illness Wellness Continuum According to The Illness Wellness Continuum the less well you are the closer you are to premature death (as shown by the diagram above left = death right = high level of wellness). This also relates to the government initiative because the government wants to reduce mortality by reducing illness. Reviewing Questionnaires This is a graph to show the amount of people who took the questionnaire and are either service users or service providers. This graph shows the number of men and women who took the questionnaire, and as you can see the main amount of people who took the questionnaire were women. Stop Smoking Advisor The Stop Smoking Advisor works with patients in the community, to provide stop smoking support, treatment and advice set by local and national standards. A Smoking Advisor works with the Stop Smoking Specialists to give one-to-one and group support so their work means they have to travel all around the country to many different places such as health centres, hospitals, community buildings, working men’s clubs, Sure Start buildings etc. To give support and inform people about the dangers of smoking they may do a presentation or bring in videos for people to watch such as the NHS (National Health Service) smoking adverts on T.V., also the advisor may bring in graphic pictures to shock people and make them understand what they’re doing to their bodies’ e.g. The responsibilities and skills needed to be a smoking advisor are as follows: (http://www.jobs.nhs.uk/cgi-bin/vacdetails.cgi?search_db_no=2selection=911717227vn=2) Health Visitor Health visitors are registered nurses or midwives who work to promote good health, and prevent illness in the community. But spend most of their day visiting people in their homes and helping with tasks. Health visitors work with many different people in the community such as the elderly, disabled, and the long-term sick, and offers them support and advice to help people overcome their disabilities. Health visitors have many duties they need to do: †¢ Advising the elderly on health issues – telling people about proper care needed to maintain equipment e.g. catheter care. †¢ Advising new mothers on issues such as hygiene, safety, feeding and sleeping this is because a new mother may not no about all the responsibilities that come with a child so the will need to be informed. †¢ Counselling people on issues such as post-natal depression, bereavement, or being diagnosed HIV positive. †¢ Co-ordinating child immunisation programmes. †¢ Organising special clinics or drop-in centres. (http://www.learndirect-advice.co.uk/helpwithyourcareer/jobprofiles/profiles/profile429/) To be a health visitor, you should be able to do all these things: †¢ Be able to get on well with all sorts of people – this is because they work with a wind range of people in all different circumstances. †¢ Be interested in and aware of health and social issues –this is so they can communicate with all different sorts of people and be aware of any issues that need addressing. †¢ Have very good communication and listening skills – this is so the patient can trust the health visitor and in turn give better care. †¢ Be patient and persuasive – this is because it may be hard for people to do certain things or they may have learning difficulties which may hinder their care. †¢ Be able to understand body language and other non-verbal communication – this is so you can make the best of a situation by interpreting it. Also it may improve communication. †¢ Be responsible and be good time management – this is also to improve the relation ship between patients and the health visitor because if there late the patient may feel they are not wanted of no one has time for them. †¢ Be able to work on your own – this is because a health visitor mainly works on their own in homes so you need to be independent. †¢ Be mature and be able to deal with distressing issues. Training As a qualified nurse or midwife it is necessary to take a degree or postgraduate course in public health nursing/health visiting if you wish to become a health visitor. Courses last one year full-time or two years part-time and are available at colleges and universities throughout the UK. Courses use both the theoretical (studying subjects such as community practice and public health, counselling and social policy), and practical placements supervised by an experienced health visitor. Qualified health visitors are expected to keep their skills up to date through continuous development. A health visitor also runs immunisation programmes set by the local government initiative i.e. in certain areas different illnesses may be more prominent so they will have different vaccines to immunise them. Factors That Affect Health Factors that affect health can be this such as eating habits, exercise, life style, attitudes and prejudices’, income, physical factors, environment etc. but there are many different views that go along with them, so to see if these descriptions meet with what normal civilians think are right (compared to professionals) I am going to do two interviews with two different people and see if there social factors and financial factors go along with these professional descriptions. Financial Factors Income factors are probably one of the main problems with trying to get good health care, this is when you do not earn enough money to get the things you need to survive and be well. If you do not have enough money to get adequate health care you may become unwell, also if you are unable to afford things such as health food, housing, etc. it could increase your chances of getting ill. Also this may lead to the life changes or factors that affect your health, because you are unable to get what you want and need. Social Factors Social factors or social class are tied in with income because what group you’re in depends on how much you earn. Social circumstances contribute a lot to a person’s health because usually if you’re higher up the socio-economic ladder you will have more money and be able to afford better health care. These social factors also relate to family and culture. †¢ Family – how many people in your family, how they affect your life etc. †¢ Culture – how people live their lives such as following religions (for example Jehovah’s witnesses don’t allow blood transfusions) etc. Poor social and economic circumstances affect health and well being all the way through life. People further down the social ladder are usually twice as likely to be at risk of serious illness and premature death. (Appendix 15) Also in certain classes things such as smoking or binge drinking can be more usual than in other classes. For example: †¢ Children in a lower group are five times more likely to die from an accident, than those in a higher group. †¢ People in class five are three times more likely to have a stroke than someone in class one. †¢ Infant mortality is higher in the lower groups. And all this is mainly because they cannot afford better health care and housing, healthier food etc. (N, Moonie: p138) Life Style People see Life style a choice you make such as drinking sensibly or the practice of safe sex. However, it can be more complicated than that e.g. if you have a low income it may be harder for you to eat healthier than those people who can afford a healthier life style. This is because trying to live a healthy life style is expensive, especially health food because it takes longer to prepare, also if you don’t have a local store that sales heath food i.e. organic things with no preservatives it can be hard. Also due to many other factors such as up bringing, social factors etc. it may be hard to lead a healthy life according to the government views, because doing all the things you may need to do to keep healthy can be expensive so some people may not be able to afford it, also it can be hard to change you ways and if your set in a unhealthy routine you will only get more unwell. A recent survey says 46% of people agreed that there are too many factors out side a single person’s health. (N, Moonie: p123) Attitudes and Prejudices This relates to the preconceived ideal people have about each other and how they act around different people. Environment Factors Your environment is all the things around you that affect your health such as housing e.g. if your child has asthma and you have a dusty house it may aggravate the condition and make the child unwell. Physical Factors This factor is al about you physical state i.e. healthy according to the government guidelines and whether you have any physical disabilities. If you have a disability it may restrict you from accessing all the services you need. Regular strenuous physical activity has a protective effect for heart disease and stroke, builds bone mass, improves posture and helps control body weight. Physical activity can also improve mental health and well-being. (All of these factors are from N, Moonie: p131-145) Interviews First of all I chose two factors that affect health, which were financial factors and social factors, next I came up with eight questions (five on finance and three on social factors see Appendix 12). After creating the interview I arranged a time with two people and asked them my questions. I started both interviews by saying â€Å"all the information I get will remain confidential and it will only be used in my course work†. Financial factors: 1. Does income affect how you want to live your life? Both the people I interviewed believed they don’t always have enough money to live the life they want but for two separate reasons the first person said â€Å"my wages are not rising with rate of inflation† so this person doesn’t believe they earn enough with the cost of things in this country i.e. things cost more because of inflation. The second person said â€Å"some times I don’t have enough money to do the things I want e.g. go away on holiday with my friends. But I am unemployed at the moment so that doesn’t help† so the reason this person cannot afford the life style they want is because they are unemployed and are currently out of money. 2. Or how does your life affect your income? Both the people say their social lives and bills are too expensive so they don’t always have the amount of money they want. 3. What things do you feel you are unable to access due to your income? Person 1 – this person doesn’t believe they can access holidays etc. so in other words time to relax and get away. Person 2 – this person believes that they are unable to socialise some times because of their income and this is a major part of their life. 4. What things do you feel you are able to access due to your income? Both people feel they are able to access all the important and necessary things and the stuff they want to do for themselves. 5. Do you think your income affects your health in any way? Both believe that there income doesn’t affect their life in any major way. Social Factors: 6. Do you follow your friend’s example i.e. peer pressure? Person 1 – this person does the things they want to do when they want to do them and doesn’t follow their friend’s example. Person 2 – this person says â€Å"Yes, but not peer pressure† so they follow what their friends do but they don’t believe there being forced or persuaded to do something they don’t want to do. 7. Is your family a positive or negative affect on your life and health? Person 1 – this person thinks that their family are a positive affect on their life. Person 2 – person 2 thinks â€Å"Yes and no because my family are just annoying and stress me out, but the support me when I need it†. Like in most families some things get on each others nerves but when you really need them they are there for you. 8. Does your social class affect your life style or health? Person 1 – they think there social class doesn’t affect their life in any way. Person 2 – they think that it does because if they were higher up the ladder they would have more money and be able to do more of the things they want and need. In conclusion my primary research (the interviews) show that the definitions of the two factors I chose are correct and they say the same as the interviewees but in more detail. My definition gathered from research in books etc. â€Å"this is when you do not earn enough money to get the things you need to survive and be well. If you do not have enough money to get adequate health care you may become unwell† this is basically the same as what the interviewees said i.e. â€Å"Both the people say their social lives and bills are too expensive so they don’t always have the amount of money they want† so in other words both the definition and people say they don’t all ways have enough money do the things they like or access all the things they need. Plan (Appendix 19) Aims and Objectives In a group of three, me and the other people in my group did a presentation to a thirty-seven different people aged 15 18 in ten different groups about the dangers of smoking. At the beginning and end of each group we gave them a questionnaire to test their knowledge before and after and we took 12 samples of each from different groups to test if they had learnt anything. We found out that before they only had a basic knowledge about smoking and after they had a more extensive knowledge and knew about smoking and its dangers in better detail. We knew this because we looked at the sample of questionnaires and saw how in much more detail they answered the questions. So we must have had an impact on their knowledge and views. However, we didn’t change some people views on smoking because they were slightly arrogant and just believed their life was their life. Aims: To produce a presentation to inform people about the dangers of smoking and inform people on ways they can quit e.g. NHS help line. Objectives: †¢ To know what’s offered by the NHS to help quit. †¢ By the end they should be able to identify the 3 main diseases caused by smoking and some substances in a cigarette. †¢ Raise awareness that smoking kills. Key Tasks/Activities: To produce: †¢ Make and collect in before and after questionnaires about smoking. †¢ Take part in talking to the people at the presentation. †¢ Posters and leaflets. †¢ Handouts with second hand smoke, dangers etc †¢ Power point presentation with the main major facts about smoking such as second hand smoke, the dangers of smoking, withdrawal symptoms etc. also videos showing the dangers of smoking e.g. NHS adverts from T.V. and shocking things about smoking Results: What do you hope will change as a result of your activities? To help people understand the dangers of smoking and hope they change their behaviour as a result of the presentation. Measures: How will you measure if the described change is occurring? Has occurred? To measure my presentation and see if the desired results have happened I will look at the before and after questionnaires and see if there knowledge has improved. Evaluation Skills: Communication skills I think my communication skills were quite good as I took it in turns with the people in my group to talk to people however one of the other people in the group spoke a lot more than the rest. Also because I was working the power point presentation there was a barrier between us all, so people may not have opened up as much and spoken as much as they might have if it wasn’t there. Team Work and Work Load Yes I believe the work load and team fork was shared fairly. Also I think it was appropriate for the people in the group. Resources used We used quite a lot of resources such as books like Moonie and the NHS booklets also I’ve been on the NHS web site and looked at the stop smoking advice they give. Activities used The activities we used to show people about the dangers of smoking are handouts a PowerPoint presentation with videos and a large poster with lots of information on. Also during the presentation we had small discussions about the material and answered any question the people had. The Environment We did the presentation in a classroom with the others in our class but there was three different groups doing different things. One of the other groups had a loud video, which sometimes overpowered what we were doing and was a distraction. Also we had 2 change rooms at the start because the room was needed for a test by another class, so we had to move all the equipment and reorganise the set out. Health and Safety The only health and social issues I think there were was the electricity we had to use to power every thing however there were floor plugs with caps on and we weren’t messing about with anything. Also all the cables were hidden out the way so no one could trip over them. Were the Aims and Objectivities Achieved? Yes all the aims and objectives were achieved because we saw from the questionnaires that their knowledge improved and they knew the main diseases and more substances in a cigarette. Also we produced an interesting presentation. For example of questionnaires and to see if the people’s knowledge improved see (Appendix 17 and 18) Would You Do Anything Differently Next Time? If I were doing the presentation again I would use a separate room so there were no interruptions, and I would try and be more involved and speak more. Conclusion In conclusion there are many things that contribute to people health such as life style, attitudes and prejudices etc. and they affect different people in different ways. This is why we looked at them in detail first because if we didn’t fully understand all the things that affect health, we wouldn’t have been able to do an affective campaign.

Personal Management Skills Analysis

Personal Management Skills Analysis The term personal skill put forwarded to me something more than the active of certain characteristic for example communication, taking responsibility, being competent of working with others, decision making, negotiating and problem solving, because some others point of view is personal skill are related to a persons natural abilities Sally Dench (1997). I am personally disagreeing with this statement that I believe personal skill can be developed and built on. However, whatever it is my concern is not what I have to be exhibit good personal skills, rather than apprehend about recognizing my hidden personal skills, qualities, values and interests which will assist me to towards achieving goals and appropriate work contexts related to skills that I have already acquired in the past A Level, O Level and last two years that I have been acquired along with BA (Hons) Degree. I have attached all of my entire transcripts in the back page as evidence that I have achieved all those skills through my entire education. Some of the subjects that I did very well shown in table: Personal Traits and Characteristics: To recognize my characteristics I have done several personality test and psychometric tests such as MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator), Belbins test, Juhari Window, the Enneagram personality test, Critical Thinking Test (66%), Blanchard Leadership score test (Supporting), Holland Codes and Honey Mumford learning style; some important and leading traits and characteristics are: Personal Audit: Skills Qualities Interest Values Accomplished Management Skill Classified Research Skill Installed Technical Skill Influenced Communication Skill Willing Helpful Friendly Responsible Cricket Sport Listening Music Independence Work Alone Work Overpressure (However, taken as Influenced, helpful, and hardworking) I do consider all the tests that I have done it has made me known about my actual characteristics also I believe on the outcome because the evidence can be, when I was doing MBTI test I came up with same personality traits as the outcome of Juhari Window and Holland Codes. Values and Qualities: According to my personal audit, my values are mainly concerned Independence, Friendship, Work alone, and work in under pressure. My qualities that I precedence are Willingness, helpful to others, responsive, and friendly. Those qualities and behaviour that I have identified are fairly exists with my general shapes and nature of my personal behaviour. However, according to my values and qualities in the current Phase of my life I would put myself in the social stage of Maslows Hierarchy, consequently according to Holland codes test has also evaluated same traits that my social skills is highly priorities. http://thefreeman.net/journal/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/maslows_hierarchy_of_needs2.png Figure : Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Source: http://www.abraham-maslow.com/m_motivation/Hierarchy_of_Needs.asp SWOT Analysis: Though I have been illustrating and give reasoning about those personality traits, values and quality with agreeing different tests that carried out, but still question remain in a way that which characteristics, values and qualities can be justify highly important for me? In what way may assured those test result wasnt consequences each other? However to rationalized, Strengths, Weaknesses and substantiate all the characteristics, values and qualities more closely I have conducted a 360* feedback reports with taking reaction from myself and others who have been experienced me since Childhood (family members). Feedback questionnaire and report have attached as evidence. Figure : 360* Feedback (concept from Yukl, G and Lepsinger, R. -1995) Myself: Md Abdul Hai Haroon: Hossain Ahmed Suman Hence, the feedback has identified there are some dissimilarities between my point of views and others. For example, everyone agreed with me that I am introvert, helpful, friendly, shy characteristics, have research skill, IT Skill, activist learner, co-ordinator, and performed in overpressure; unlikely was social, Judging mind (critical thinking), have influenced communication skill, and willing. Though all those characteristics, skill, values and quality was evaluated by different tests in a highest priorities, but according to feedback at least five options havent matched. Therefore, the SWOT analysis has carried out (evidence attached) on the basis on build up creative, matching and converting strategies to take advantage of strengths, utilize and exploit from each opportunity, and capitalizing my strength to contain the weaknesses towards to come across my career goals and aspirations. For example one of my highly ranked weakness is I am introvert, thus I need to improve in rela tion to be creative, out of box thinking, long term friendship, and flexible. One of my opportunities is IT skill that I need to use it towards my carrier in a way to surpass my performance. Personal Aspirations Review: Complete my degree and pursue my master in research methods in psychology Highest Need: Self-Actualization Attain my aspiration being a successful researcher Highest Need: Self-ActualizationOccupational or carrier aspiration consign to individuals wish for future employment. Alois Stutzer (2003) describe in the journal of role of income aspirations in individual happiness as peoples individual aspirations are related to two consumptions are income aspirations and individual happiness aspirations. To me the personal aspiration has always been cornerstone of my future to be researcher basis on my personal interest. However, my personal aspirations are as follows: Attain my aspiration being a successful researcher Figure : My Personal Aspirations The achievement that I have done already so far: Carrying on undergraduate degree in business management course with having excellent result towards to achieve my aspiration in research carrier adjust. I have critical thinking knowledge and IT Skill to present information visually and word processing, effective writing skill, for conducting interview often require gracious skills which can evidence that I have inspiring and recognition teachers feedback and tests that I have done. Figure : Strategies to achieve my aspiration After assessing various management tools, tests and models (force field analysis, PEST and SWOT and profit and loss account) as look upon in job specific requirement I need to be carry on more education qualifications. As shown in figure 2 that my current skills and being a researcher require skill almost match. The possible external forces also could affect my career plan shown in figure 5. Figure : PEST Analysis in my Career Planning Labour Market Review: Opportunity for skill use refers to in both level to which a job allows existing skill and develops new ones. It is quit irrelevant that job seeking in researcher occupational level in young age, but job available, opportunity and requirement in the research field is significant to analyse in current situation. Graduate labour market is becoming more and more diverse and scrappy, even job are also becoming more demandable. In central economic survey (CEPR, see CSU, 2000) found that approximately, 30% of the UK graduate were unemployed in 1986 to 1997. Hence, the desire motivation and determination to stick on my career aspiration is necessary. Figure : Threshold Model Available at: http://www.call-center.net/motivating-agents.pdf However, the factors influence in labour market analysed by PESTELE and SWOT attached in portfolio. In CIPD surveys predict that average 67% organizations expect to make vacant in next and within that 71% are private sector. In 2010 14% of organization plan to recruit school level aged 16, 28% again school level aged 18, and less than half 47% intend to recruit graduates. However, there is huge job market for graduates which may advantage according to aspiration. Figure : Graduate Skill Levels over the past five Years Available at: http://www.cipd.co.uk/default.cipd Opportunity for Researcher Career Prospect: In the journal of graduate employment and underemployment find out that opportunity for skill use and career knowledge amongst current business graduates in rating significantly higher for suitable employed rather than underemployed in relation to those who have five intellectual skills such as critical analysis, research methods, business solving skill, application to new situation, and reflection; furthermore, written communication, literacy, and IT capability were 69% higher opportunity possibility in labour market. However, in this investigation I can hope the career I have chosen there is flourishing future room have been pending. Figure : Appropriate employed vs. underemployed graduates as function of skill requirements of jobs And yet, as a evidence for job availability, wages and requirement in Researcher occupation have been attached in portfolio. Discussion of Aligning between skills/ Aspirations/ current labour market opportunity: However, the identified current skills, characteristics, values and qualities that I have already and required to successful researcher do match to me. For example I have already critical thinking skill; IT skill; I am judging minded, perseverance intellectual curiosity (willing), communication skill, and open mindedness (friendly). The necessitate characteristics, skills, values and qualities are creative, should be able to work as a co-ordinator of a team and to get direction, highly motivated individual, persuade communication skill, judging minded, intellectual curiosity, perseverance, honesty, Open-mindedness, IT Skill to present information visually and word processing, effective writing skill, for conducting interview often require gracious skills. Thus, the shortages I found between required skills for to be successful researcher and current skill that I have already is lack of writing skill, creativity, and Trust Honesty which unknown me and others. However, after completi ng my degree I will improve my lacking to achieve in this respective field I would take change additional options like education, training, voluntary work and self-employment. Shortages: Writing skill, Creativity, Intellectual Curiosity, Trust Honesty, Choice selection Figure : Personal Aspiration and shortages Farmer (1997) characterizes career aspirations as one of three aspects: career and achievement motivation, mastery motivation and career commitment that influence a persons determination and achievement in a career. As I already mentioned to aspiring become researcher its my personal determination and achievement oriented, therefore, to getting position in existing labour market my concern is not to highly demandable and highly turnover wages incentive, rather than finding a position in way to experience and amplifying my knowledge. Current worldwide stress in business and public service, intensifying organizational flexibilities, and job complexity pushing labour market to become competitive vulnerable for job seeker. During the current decades the labour markets have been at the heart of a nexus of three economic progressions: de-industrialization, reorganization of production, and conditions of employment. However, the changing environment has led to companies requiring highly skills, less turnover and relevant qualification are fundamental important. Lazear and Oyer (2004) demonstrated that there are two kinds of smoothness in modern labour markets ex ante and ex post. The ex post labour fluidity refer to internal labour market which mean worker are hired into ports-of-entry and senior level place are filled from within. Ex ante fluidity consign to the flexibility of labour markets for workers at the beginning of a carrier. However, in this circumstances my concern will be searching job in the ex ante fluidi ty consign labour markets. Furthermore, also reason behind to choose and suitable for me to flexibility labour market because the future of the external labour market, firm that hire internally and wages movement will be consistent, shown in figure 10. Figure : Identification of labour market fluidity (Lazear, E.P. and Oyer, O.- 2004) Personal Action Plan: I have summarized my personal action plan to achieve my aspiration in the table format to become a valued Researcher within next 7-10 years time.

Importance Of Effective Recruitment Business Essay

Importance Of Effective Recruitment Business Essay Recruitment is the process of attempting to locate and encourage potential applicants to apply for existing or anticipated job openings (Compton et al.2009, p.15). According to Kleyhans et al (2007, p.81) recruitment is the process of looking for and getting new employees. It involves attracting individuals on a regular basis, in enough numbers and with the right qualifications and encouraging them to apply for specific jobs in the organisation. Recruitment is described as the process of bringing a person or persons into the organisation. It starts with the decision to recruit and continues through to the induction and settlement of the new employees (Grimshaw 2009, p.7). Recruitment of candidates is the function preceding the selection, which helps create a pool of prospective employees for the organisation so that the management can select the right candidate for the right job from this pool. The main objective of the recruitment process is to expedite the selection process. 2.2 Importance of effective recruitment Effective recruitment attracts individuals to the organisation and increases the chances of retaining them. It can also improve productivity, reduce labor cots, and help the organization stay competitive (Jackson et al. 2012 p.188). 2.3 Recruitment Process A successful and effective programme to recruit the personnel requires a well defined recruitment policy, proper organisational structure, and procedures for locating sources of human resources, suitable methods and techniques for utilising human resources and even constant assessment and consequent improvements. Normally each organisation has its own recruitment policy. It may change year to year in the light of changing environments and situations. The recruitment of a new team member is a major investment for hotels. Developing and adopting a recruitment process that yields solid returns is critical to the success of every organisation, as wrong hiring is very costly. The most effective recruitment process shares three goals: Accuracy is the ability of your recruitment process to ascertain the interviewees job performance because you do not want to end up with an accountant who does not know accounting, a Trainer who does not know how to speak or a Secretary who does not know how to type. Fairness is the assurance that your recruitment process gives every suitable candidate a fair and equal chance of being selected. A fair selection process is based on valid requirements that are applied throughout the recruitment process and uses the same job-related selection process applicable for all candidates. Commitment is the extent to which the people involved in the recruitment process perceive its worth. Interviewers and interviewees are committed if the recruitment process does not drag, it is beneficial to everybody, the self-esteem of the interviewee is maintained and the image of the organisation is untouched. 2.3.1 Strategic Planning Strategic planning is the first step of the recruitment process which management uses to determine overall goals and objectives for the organisation. This planning will ultimately have an effect on HR planning (Kleynhans et al, 2007, p.68). Decenzo and Robbins (2005, p.21) have stated that human resource managers must engage during the strategic planning process to ensure that appropriate staff are available to meet the requirements set. The aim of this planning effort is to determine what HRM requirements exist for current and future supplies and demands for employees. They also emphasize on an organisation using innovative initiatives as strategic measures to show employees that their contributions to the organisation are valued and in doing so, influence their motivation, job satisfaction leading to increased job performance. 2.3.2 Human Resource Planning Secondly, human resource planning determines whether there will be an excess of workers, a shortage or just enough employees to achieve these organisations goals. 2.3.3 Alternatives to recruitment According to Kleynhans et al (2007, p.68) Organisations search for alternatives to recruitment because of the cost of recruiting. Three such alternatives of recruitment are overtime, employee leasing and temporary employment. Overtime Firms seek to make existing employees work overtime instead of recruiting new hands. Overtime can provide employees with additional income. However overtime results in fatigue, increased accidents and more absenteeism. These developments and the need to pay double the wages add to the cost. Employee Leasing Also known as staff outsourcing, employee leasing involves paying a fee to a leasing company or a consulting firm that handles payroll, employee benefits and routine HR functions for the client company. Leasing is particularly useful to small and medium sized firms which might not be able to maintain regular HR staff. Temporary Employment Today, just-in-time employees can be found staffing all types of jobs in organizations, including professional, technical and executive positions. The benefits of using temporary employees include relatively low labour costs, easy access to experienced labour and flexibility in responding to future changes in the demand for workers. A drawback for hiring temporary help is that these people do not know the culture or work flow of the hotel. This unfamiliarity detracts from their commitment to organisational goals (Kleynhans et al. 2007, p.73). 2.3.4 Recruitment Policies and Procedures Policies and procedures are guidelines which an organisation sets up to make sure that everyone in the organisation deals with recruitment in the same manner. These policies should take into consideration the internal and external factors that affect the recruitment process. 2.3.5 Internal Recruitment Internal recruitment is one of the most popular incentive systems and has an old tradition in the hotel industry, and is also mentioned by Merchant and Van der Stede (2007) as one of the non-monetary rewards. 2.3.5.1 Advantages of internal recruitment The advantages with internal recruitment are that hotels gain a lot of advantages by using their existing employees, given that the latter know their job, understand the organisation and are competent. Molander (1996) states the main advantage of internal recruitment is its ability to create a culture of loyalty and job security among the employees, which could be hard to achieve otherwise. Another advantage is time-consuming and also a way of cutting training costs that an outside employee would need to become familiar with the company. By applying internal recruitment, the employees will have incentives to stay within the organisation in order to climb the carrier ladder. This would add to their incentives for effectiveness and an improvement in productivity. 2.3.5.2Disadvantages of internal recruitment The main disadvantage of internal recruitment is, logically, the limited supply of candidates to choose from. Ahrnborg (1997) states that internal recruitment could be a trouble for sluggish companies, due to lack of new influences, and the fact that they maintain their sluggishness and limit their prospects for development. Another drawback is that the person, who fills the post, is leaving its position and therefore a new vacancy will be created. According to the Lockyer and Scholaris (2004) another feature of recruiting internally is that staff may feel that they should be recruited owing of their experience although they are not qualified enough. 2.3.6 External Recruitment If the list of possible internal candidates is assessed and no one is found to be suitable, the company should then advertise externally. This is also advisable if the company decides that fresh blood is required from outside. In reality, employees should be fully aware of corporate recruitment policy as it relates to sourcing of employees (Compton et al. 2009, p. 50). 2.3.6.1 Advantages of external recruitment The biggest advantage of external recruitment is that the company has no limited supply of candidates and can choose employees worldwide. 2.3.6.2 Disadvantages of external recruitment According to Duggan and Croy (2004), a problem with external recruitment is that it can be hard to put words on what specific skills the company needs, and in this way cause problems because the consultants misunderstand and hire a person who does not fit for the task. Another disadvantage with external recruitment is that it could diminish the efforts of existing employees, due to lack of the possibility of promotion. 2.4 Job Analysis Job analysis is the process by which job descriptions and person specifications are produced. Armstrong (1999, p.190) defines job analysis as the process of collecting, analysing and setting out information about the contents of jobs in order to provide the basis for a job description and data for recruitment, training, job evaluation and performance management. Marchington and Wilkinson (2005) propose that undertaking a job analysis may not be necessary for every time a vacancy arises, especially in organizations that have high levels of labour turnover. Though, they do recognise that job analysis does allow for an examination of whether existing job descriptions and person specifications are appropriate for future needs. 2.4.1 The purpose of Job Analysis The purpose of job analysis is to provide the information necessary for writing job descriptions. Job analysis information can even be used in the job evaluation process, which is the process for assigning value to a job for the purpose of setting compensation. The types of information gathered during job analysis will be specific to each organisation. Nevertheless typical kinds of information which are grouped are: Summary of duties Details of most common duties Supervisory responsibilities Educational requirements Special qualification Experience Equipment/tools used Frequency of supervision Information about jobs can be gathered using qualitative or narrative techniques such as interviews, questionnaires, observations and activity logs. 2.4.2 Process of Job Analysis 2.5 Recruitment Methods In deciding what methods to be used to attract applicants, Armstrong (1996) refers to the three criteria of cost, speed and the likelihood of providing good candidates. Several empirical studies have identified recruitment methods as being either formal or informal. Examples of formal recruitment methods are newspaper advertisements, job centres and other employment agencies whereas word of mouth methods such as referrals by existing employees are examples of informal recruitment methods (Carroll et al. 1999, Taylor. 1994). Any hotel would want to attract the best suited candidate and therefore has to decide on the best way to attract them. Here are the most frequently channels used by organisations: Internal advertisement Advertising is the most obvious methods of attracting recruits, but it may not always be necessary, as other sources of recruits, are available. Internal advertisement on the companys Intranet system is being widely used, especially within large organisation, to promote from within. Newspapers Drafting an appealing recruitment advertisement always give good return. Trade/business and specialised magazines Putting a recruitment advertisement in specialised magazines is far more focused and is more likely to target the right audience. Recruitment agencies Recruitment agencies have a large databank of candidates and provide hotels with a selection of screened profiles. Some recruitment agencies can also conceive an attractive recruitment advertisement and have it inserted in selected media for their clients. The Internet Some candidates place their CVs on the Internet and are agreeable to be deployed overseas under contract. The hotels databank Candidates often send their CVs to hotels for no specific vacancies. It is advisable to keep them for later use. The hotels Web Site Organisation has a web site often have a link to vacancies that are presently available. This is more and more widely used and attracts interesting candidates. Acquaintances/words of mouth You might have heard from an acquaintance or through words of mouth that such suitable candidate is presently looking for a career change. Do not hesitate to contact the person, whether formally or informally. 2.6 Definition of Selection Byars and Rue (1997, p.172) defined selection as the process of choosing from among available applicants, the individuals who are most likely to successfully perform a job. It is the process of gathering all necessary information about applicants and using that information to decide which applicants to employ. Selection is the process of collecting and evaluating information about an individual so as to extend an offer of employment. Such employment could be either a first position for a new employee or a different position for a current employee (Gatewood et al. 2010, p.3). Selection is one of the most important functions of HRM as wrong selection of employees hampers organizational performance enormously. Selection process differs from organisations to organisations. Decenzo and Robbins (1999, p.169) states an ideal selection process comprises some steps such as filing up application forms, initial screening, preliminary interview, employment tests, written tests, written examination, comprehensive interview, background examination/ reference check, medical examinations, and job offer. 2.12 Selection Process The selection process is developed to find out the final choice, including an interview and how it will be carried out, the methods which will be used to evaluate the candidates, tests that may be used and reference and credential checks. Some hotels may give importance to various tests, while others may emphasize interviews and reference checks. Emphasis may be given to both tests and interviews and the HR unit of the hotel has different selection committees for applicants to fill both the lower level and higher level positions. Step 1.Preliminary Interview The selection process begins with the preliminary interview. This takes place after the company has used the different recruitment sources and methods to recruit candidates. The preliminary interview is a short interview whereby applicants are asked straightforward questions about their qualifications, experience and salary. It can be conducted face to face, but when there is large number of applicants for one job opening, the interview usually takes place over the phone to save time. Step 2.Reviewing the application blank or resume The second step in the selection process is filling out the application blank or giving in your resume. The application blank is normally a standardised form given out by the company in which the applicant must complete with the required information. It is usually filled when the candidate goes for an interview. A resume, also known as a curriculum vitae or CV, is put together by the candidate before the interview and sent to the organisation either by hand, fax or e-mail. According to Luszcz and Kleiner (2000, p.20) the resume should first be reviewed for its overall appearance. Secondly, it should be assessed for the applicants education, training and experience. A good resume should give an organised format which will facilitate in finding the information the reviewer considers important. Thirdly the accomplishments of the applicant must be reviewed cautiously. The reviewer should look for remarkable accomplishments which have precise and verifiable measurements. Finally the application should be reviewed for education, experience and the ability of the applicant to answer questions clearly (Luszcz and Kleiner (2000, p.20). Step 3.Selection Tests The decision to test is dependent on the philosophy of the organisation. Extreme care should be taken with regard to the legal implications which may occur if the testing can be interpreted as unnecessary, discriminatory, or not directly related to the skills or physical constraints of the job. Testing should always be done fairly and consistently. However, it could be costly. The main types of selection test are intelligence, personality, ability, aptitude and attainment tests. Intelligence Tests Cushway (2012, p.22) defines intelligence tests as being the oldest form of psychometric test, having been designed in 1905. Nowadays these tests are rarely used for selection purposes. The main disadvantage is that this type of test is attempting to measure something which is very difficult and about which there is much disagreement. It is possible that intelligence tests only measure an ability to do intelligence tests. They have limited application in selection context. Aptitude and attainment tests Aptitude tests are job-specific tests that are designed to forecast the potential a person has to carry out tasks within a job. They can cover such areas as clerical aptitude, mechanical aptitude, numerical aptitude, and dexterity. Aptitude tests should be well validated. The standard procedure is to determine the aptitudes required through job and skills analysis and thus a standard test is obtained from a test agency. Otherwise a special test is developed by or for the organisation. Hence, the test is given to staff already working on the job and results compared with a criterion, usually managers or team leaders ratings. The test is given to candidates if the relationship between test and criterion is sufficiently high. In order to validate the test further, a follow-up study of the job performance of applicants selected by the test is normally performed. The method may be long but without it no real confidence may be attached to the results of any aptitude tests. Attainment tests Attainment tests assess abilities or skills that have already been gained by training or experience. An example is a typing test. It is easy to find out how many words a minute a typist can type and compare that with the standard required for the job (Armstrong 2006, p.466). Personality tests Personality tests attempt to evaluate the candidates personality so as to make predictions about their likely behavior in a role. These tests can provide interesting additional information about candidates which is free from biased reactions that frequently occur in face-to-face interviews. These tests should be utilized carefully. Personality tests can be in different forms, testing, for example, individual traits or characteristics, interests, or values. Others may concentrate on specific workplace behavior. There are debates arousing on the validity of personality tests and variable results were given in some studies, nevertheless they are usually found to be more valid than the standard interview, especially when mixed with other techniques (Cushway 2012, p.22). Psychological tests Characteristics of a good test 5 types of validity Predictive validity Concurrent validity Content validity Face validity Measuring validity A criterion-related approach is used to assess validity. It means selecting criteria against which the validity of the test can be measured. These criteria must reflect true performance at work as accurately as possible. 2.4Types of Interviews One to one interviews This type of interview is maybe the most commonly used method whereby the interviewer questions each candidate about his or her background and experience. The CV or application form creates the basis of the discussion that can flow freely in the direction the parties wish to go. It allows topics and issues to be explored in depth and the interviewer to probe any particular areas of interest or concern (Dale 1995, p.167). However, the potential drawbacks of this interview are that it can be difficult for an interviewer to probe in depth and remember fully what was said. Note-taking, observing and questioning at the same time is not easy. It is also difficult for one interviewer to ensure consistency of treatment between candidates. In addition the process is open to all biases which have been mentioned. Panel Interviews Panel interviews are widely, and tended to be a trusted method of selecting candidates. Panel interviewsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Structured Interviews The structured approach means that every question has an aim and is designed to bring out information required to assist the selection decision. The questions should aim to explore the requirements which are contained in the specification, explore the issues in the individuals application, and amplify any points that remain unclear. (Dale 1995, p.169) It is important that every candidate is asked questions about the same fields in exactly the same way. This ensures that required information is gathered and candidates are treated consistently and fairly. Competency-based interviews Situational interviews Informal interviews Step 5.Reference and Credential Checks Questions should be prepared in advance and used consistently for every reference and candidate, since comparability is important. The list would include questions such as dates of employment, positions held, and attendance. Then the interviewer can lead the reference if there is a desire to gain additional information, by asking the same question using different wording. Verification of education and college attendance is even important. Luszcz and Kleiner (2000, p.24) have stated that once the reference and credential checks are made, it is essential to compare them as reference checks are made in the final stages of selection and they can aid to confirm conclusions which have already been drawn. Step6.Selection Decision Stone (1998) identifies two ways to approach the selection decision; the compensatory and the successive hurdles approach. The compensatory approach is when all of the selection information is considered together, favourable or unfavourable, to gain an overall impression. This is a time-consuming and expensive approach. The successive hurdles approach is better if there are minimum criteria that the applicants should meet. By making selection decisions throughout the process the final decision is less complicated. According to Stone (1998), this approach is very economical if there are many applicants as the best candidate can be identified early. The final step of the selection process is when a decision has to be made between the final few applicants. The purpose of the selection process is to provide information and to enable and justify this decision. Notification Every candidate should be notified of the decision, regardless of the final outcome after the decision has been made. For those who were not selected, a simple rejection letter can be sent or a telephone call can be made, thanking the applicant for their time and tactfully stating that they were not selected. Making the offer After making the decision, the offer should be made as soon as possible, either by telephone or in person depending on the conditions and the philosophy of the organisation. Exceptional candidates do not last long in the job market (Luszcz and Kleiner 2000, p.25). Step 7.Physical Examination Step 8.Appoint the applicant

The Power of Slave Narratives Essay -- Analysis, Fredrick Douglass

The Power of Slave Narratives: The influence of Fredrick Douglass and his struggle for emancipation will always be a source of inspiration. Douglass’ history, as articulated in The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, has a remained an influential element on those seeking liberation from oppression and has maintained a tangible position in African-American popular culture. Douglass demonstrates the availability of counter hegemonic ideologies but also provides a guide to achieving corporeal and racial agency. For Douglass, one avenue of liberation was reading. While a close reading of his narrative also suggests music was a fundamental component of his circumstances. A source of inspiration for this paper is Douglass’ retelling of learning his ABCs. Douglass recalls the moment when Mr. Auld scolds his wife, Mrs. Auld, for teaching Douglass. The reason why Douglass should not be educated is harrowing, â€Å"If you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell. A nigger should know nothing but to obey his master--to do as he is told to do. Learning would spoil the best nigger in the world† (Douglass 45). Consequently, this assertion of spoiling is caused by reading and literacy. Education gives Douglass the tools to question his existence resulting in a realization of oppression. Thus with the ability to read and write, he could escape by both literally and figuratively writing his own pass to freedom. From here Douglass realizes that the â€Å"...pathway from slavery to freedom...† was via education and that â€Å"...the argument which [Mr. Auld] so warmly waged, against my learning to read, only seemed to inspire me with a desire and determination to learn..† (Douglass 46). Passion and perseverance force Douglass to exchange ... ... Word: The recuperation of power and corporeal, spiritual, and racial agency circumvents social and political modes of oppression. Frequently scholars point towards the power of the word or Nommo as a means to communicate power and penetrate subjugation. Halifu Osumare in The Africanist Aesthetic and Global Hip-Hop critically examines Nommo as an avenue toward emancipation. As Osumare argues, â€Å"allows us to try on our possible identities because it exists, at least during the performance, outside the realities of power, and therefore provides a brief foray into a realm of the possible beyond establish social boundaries† (Osumare 83). Through Nommo, a type of emancipation manifested even if the body was still held in bondage. Once the word was sung, and the sound traveled between ear, mind, and mouth, no slave owner could own and control the power of the word.

Nobody Comes in Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot :: Waiting for Godot Essays

Nobody Comes in Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot: "nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, it’s awful." When the play first opened, it was criticized for lacking meaning, structure, and common sense. These critics, however, failed to see that Beckett chose to have his play, Waiting for Godot, capture the feeling that the world has no apparent meaning. In this misunderstood masterpiece, Beckett asserts numerous existentialist themes. Beckett believed that existence is determined by chance. This basic existentialist tenet is first asserted in Vladimir’s discussion of a parable from the Bible. Of the two thieves crucified at the same time as Christ, one was saved and one was damned. Given this knowledge, Vladimir ponders: "†¦how is it†¦that of the four Evangelists only one speaks of a thief being saved. The four of them were there - or thereabouts - and only one speaks of a thief being saved†¦.Of the other three, two don’t mention any thieves at all and the third says that both of them abused [Christ]†¦.But all four were there." The reports of the Evangel ists shows that probability determines human life. That each Evangelist speaks of a different fate for the thieves prove the role of chance in our existence. It is generally accepted that one thief was saved and another one damned, which further illustrates the probability of life. In addition, Beckett expands on this paradox by stating, "Do not despair; one of the thieves was saved. Do not presume; one of the thieves was damned." Because fate is determined by chance, there is nothing anyone can do to insure their savior. In the play, it is stated that Godot himself beats the minder of sheep but cherishes the minder of goats. The arbitrariness of Godot’s decisions elude to the arbitrariness of life itself, raising questions over who will be saved and who will be damned. In the play, Pozzo remarks about his fate in comparison to Lucky’s: "Remark that I might easily have been in his shoes and he in mine. If chance had not willed it otherwise." In Stoppard’s play R osencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern flip a coin that escapes the natural laws of reason. Here, the existentialist viewpoint focuses on refuting probability in favor of chance. To many people, Godot symbolizes God. The name Godot even reflects an attenuated version of the word God. Godot’s silence but ubiquitous presence resembles that of God’s, and Vladimir and Estragon’s helplessness mirrors our own frailty.

Moralitys Biological Nature Essay example -- Biology Essays Research

Morality's Biological Nature: Implications for the Attribution of "Good" and "Evil". "A man who has no assured and ever present belief in the existence of a personal God or of a future existence with retribution and reward, can have for his rule of life, as far as I can see, only to follow those impulses and instincts which are the strongest or which seem to him the best ones. . . . If he acts for the good of others, he will receive the approbation of his fellow men and gain the love of those with whom he lives." - Charles Darwin In my last paper "Serial Killers: Just trying to feel normal, it's not my fault" (4) I addressed the question as to whether biology can make us murderers. In my paper I catalogued multiple instances in which biology seems to consistently differ between 'normal' people and individuals who have been dubbed the most immoral, inhuman and evil predators of society. Though I found many biological differences between the normal brain and the murderer's brain, it was not necessarily explained that 'morality' is a common, biologically based aspect of human behavior. The nature of my prior paper was to ascertain whether there is a difference in our brain from that of a killer, but in this paper I explore the biological function of 'morality' and its natural occurrence in the catalogue of human behaviors. Discussing 'morality' as a phenomenon that is inherent in humans will then allow the further exploration of the implications of deviation from this 'norm'. Can these individuals be labeled as 'evil' and be held accountable for their behavior? As the former paper posed implications pertaining to the 'accountability' of a murderer, this paper proposes that these individuals have strayed from the underlying... ...CA/Mail/xmcamail.1997_11.dir/0086.html 3)Brain: The neurobiology of morals. , A small, applicable article. http://www.nature.com/news/1999/991021/full/991021-6.html;jsessionid=DC80A23979EBD5D46DCA819DFA12AC26 4)Serial Killers: Just trying to feel normal, it's not my fault, My last paper. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web2/Solano.html 5) Origins of Human Mind Revisited, A short article that touched upon some new ideas. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/brainyapes980511.html 6) To the objectives for Good Natured., Commentary upon de Waal's book from a college class. http://mlabar.swu.edu/Animal%20Behavior/Comments%20on%20Good%20Natured.htm 7) The Impact of Psychological Research on Christian Beliefs and Practices , A source of challenges, insights and reminders. http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/cis/jeeves/lecture3.html