Family and Cousin Essay Example for Free

Family and Cousin EssayHuman behavior can be explored by taking a reflexion at the different aspects of a persons life. These aspects include the biological, psychological, social, cultural and spiritual. These aspects can help social workers better understand the fannyground history of a persons life and gather information in order to do an accurate assessment of a person. This paper does not intend to pretend an assessment further its rather an informative paper in order to discover and understand the various systems of a persons life. moreover this paper will also focus on how these systems interact with one another.I chose to do this paper on my full full cousin who just became a incur and she is currently learning how to adapt to her new way of life. I think she is in an interesting stage in her life and that is also why I chose her. My cousin and I atomic number 18 only a year apart in age and she chose a different path from the one that is pass judgment later sh e gradational from ut some schooltime. She decided not to go to college and began to work doing random retail jobs until she found a permanent job as a hostess. We are so different now but a few old age ago we did get along and had a lot of things in common.Her relationship with her dumbfound has also changed and now that my cousin is a stick, they get wordm to understand each other better. BIO-PHYSICAL My cousins name is Carla Sanchez and she is twenty two years doddering and the youngest of three. She is 55 and before she had the itch she had lost so such(prenominal) fish but now she regained more or less of that incubus back. She has dark long pilus and dark brown eyes. Before she became pregnant she fell in love with her bodges father and lost a lot of weight. During her teenage years she was not as determined to lose weight as she was when she was nineteen when she met her significant other.During her pregnancy her body went through and through some physical chang es. She did not pick up impulsive cravings and she ate the foods she normally eats but in larger portions. She gained around sixty pounds and now she insures like the way she did before she lost the weight. Her weight when she was a younger child before the teenage years resembles that of her mother. My aunt had an average weight because she was not skinny but she was not overweight either. My cousins weight then was average like her mothers because due to the genes that were passed down to her through her mother.My cousins take in is a young woman and looks more like her father but she has my cousins straight hair. Now that it has been several weeks after childbirth my cousin plans and is determined to lose the weight again. She looks like her mother and both gestate a healthy mother and daughter relationship. She is really open-minded and very out spoken. Her mother is also an open-minded person. According to the biological determinism guess it is evident that a persons pe rsonality and physical appearance is embedded into a child from birth money stripe genetics.My cousins parents divorced when she was a young child and therefore she has always been close to her mother and that is why my aunt has been able to greatly fascinate my cousins behavior. Most of her life she has been more attached to her mother. PSYCHOLOGICAL According to Eriksons theories of psychological development my cousin is in the intimacy versus closing off stage. My cousins childhood and teenage years have passed by. All that is left of her childhood and teenage years are memories. She began working at restaurants during her high school years and has stayed with that career.She has gone from being a waitress when she was sixteen to a hostess. However she is thinking of going back to school because she was her daughter to look up to her when her daughter is older. My cousin did not get married and she is not living with her associate. She lives at home with her baby and her moth er. All her time is devoted to her baby however there have been times when she is overwhelmed with the task of bringing up a child and her mother helps her so that she can at least have some time to rest. According to Paiget my cousin is at the stage four which is based on formal operations.At this level problems are now approached using logic, causation and combinational thought. Also individuals at this stage with formal operations can think about their own thoughts, feelings and think about thinking. I think that at this point Paiget is focusing on how we can look back at our past and reflect. My cousin is able to do this now and she now reflects on how her mother raised her so that she can raise her daughter the same way. My cousin constantly worries whether or not she is raising her child in a strait-laced way or to the extent that it is expected of a mother to raise her child.She lives with her mother and her mother helps her by giving her advice from how to nurse the chil d to how to give the baby a bath. My cousins friend had her baby before my cousin and when her friend met my cousins child she was also giving her advice on hoe to take care of the baby. She is acquiring knowledge on how to raise her child from people such as her mother that have had years of experience raising children. Her friend told her that she worries to whether she is taking care of her baby the right way. My cousin has to endure a psychological as well as physical adaptation.Paiget describes adaptation as the process by which structures of the mind develop over time to achieve a better fit with the environment and external reality. My cousin is still eating food in large portions as she did when she was pregnant but now she is drinking more milk because she chose to breastfeed her baby. Therefore she keeps gaining weight and is also emphasise out. As cold as her mental state she is stressed and cannot focus on herself because she is constantly thinking about the well-bein g of her baby. She worries just as much as other mothers do because she wants her baby to be happy.She said that her baby seems to be cranky most of the time and basically she is dedicating all her time to comfort the baby. My cousin had learned to adapt to her new role as a mother and she will need to keep up as the baby goes through different stages of her life. SOCIAL She has not been working since July and her social life is not as it used to be before she had the baby. However she was visited by her godparents and umpteen friends when she brought the baby home. They have showered the baby with gifts and seeing how other people have acted towards the baby makes her happy.My cousin is trying her best to imitate her mother because she loves her mother and wants to follow her advice so that she can raise a happy child. According to the social learning theory behaviors are mediated by thoughts, expectations as well as emotions and stresses the wideness of observational learning or modeling. In my cousins case she sees her mom as a model mom that she wants to imitate. As far as I know my aunt in reality sacrificed a lot so that my cousins could have a better life than the one she had.I have seen how selfless my aunt has been especially with my cousin Carla because she is the youngest one. My cousin wants the approval of her mother in everything she does because she has been very attached to my aunt. Her brother and sister live far away from them. My cousin has kept in touch with her fellow co-workers and many of them came to visit her when she brought the baby home. One of her friends who is a teacher and brought her a huge box of pampers. He also gave her some parenting advice because he, as a father of three, thinks that he has had enough experience with kids.He was very happy to see the baby and many of her friends came to see the baby as well. Even though my cousin has not gone out since she gave birth in November 30th, she has had her friends come over to her place to see the baby. However her weeks have turned into the same routine of just staying at home to take care of her baby. The babys father also visits her but not too often because their relationship is not in good standing. My cousin is trying to be the mother that society expects her to be but most importantly she is trying to imitate her own mother.My aunt is a fervent believer in the Catholic trust and she raised her children in the same faith as she was raised in. All of her three children were baptized, did the communions and attended mass on Sundays. Until this day my aunt does not miss a mass at her topical anaesthetic church. Her children however have not been as devoted as my aunt has been. My cousin Carla stop attending church after her teenage years when she graduated from high school and spent her weekends working. However my aunt always tries to make sure that my cousin does not loose her faith. According to James V.Fowlers theory of faith development my co usin is at the stage 5 which is the individuative-reflective faith. In this stage young adults question the beliefs and stories they have received from family, friends and other social groups. My cousin does not believe everything that my aunt was taught about Catholicism. For example my cousin did not get married and decided to raise a child as a mavin mother. My aunt did not approve of this because she was taught that a woman must be a virgin until she gets married. Her other daughter moved in with her boyfriend and then got married.My aunt did not approve of this either. My aunt believes that salvation is obtained by following the churchs sacraments but my cousin believes that no one really knows how to obtain salvation. She also thinks that God is everywhere and therefore she does not need to attend mass every Sunday. My aunt was raised in a very religious home and in her native country religion plays an important role in life but her children who were raised in the United Stat es have found a way to practice their religion however way they think is the proper way.My cousin plans to baptize her daughter and she has picked the godparents already. My family is from Ecuador which is in Latin the States so that makes us part of the Latino community. My cousin Carla was born in New Jersey. She had to learn about the Ecuadorian culture and the American culture. When she was a kid my aunt would travel with her and her other siblings to Ecuador so that they could visit their grandmother and learn their cultural roots. My cousin had to learn both languages English and Spanish. She now knows them fluently and this has helped her a lot because she was able to make a lot of friends.In Ecuador gender roles are so delineated. Men are expected to work and women are expected to stay at home raising the children. It is not common for females to work outside the home. Most females graduate from high school and after high school they start raising families. My cousin knows b oth cultures but since she was born and raised in the United States she identifies more with the American culture. When her baby gets older she expects to go back to work and even go back to school so that she can be able to provide a better living for both.She is a single mother but has learned a lot from her mother who got divorced from her husband when my cousin was a young child. In conclusion these several aspects of a persons life help us understand how each one relates to the other and how they affect human behavior. Human behavior can be affected by the people we associate with and by the culture we are raised in as well as other factors. These several theories expound in this paper are very helpful to understand why a person behaves a certain way.

The comfort of Stranger by Ian McEwan Essay Example for Free

The comfort of Stranger by Ian McEwan EssayThe passage from The comfort of Stranger by Ian McEwan is a narrative passage which humorously anecdotes about a nave young brother, Robert, and his teenage sisters, Eva and Maria. The nave young brother can be comp ard with the immature sisters who were wearing their lets clothes and cosmetics while they were alone in the house. Later, the male child tells his father everything that happened while they were at home. Not simply to make the readers to laugh, McEwan shows his contempt of the two beautiful sisters, the theme of naivety, unreliability of appearance is prominent throughout the writing. passim the story, Robert seems to be the most important character who allows the writer to reach the climax and create a comic simplicity. As Robert calls his mother Mama and I believed he knew everything, like a god show that the boys ingenuousness makes him unable to tell a lie to his father. This deducts that Roberts characterization emp hasizes the difference between the sisters, Eva and Maria, and comes into an effect of exaggerating the thoughtless action mechanism of the girls.At the same time the author may suggest that the boy is slightly alienated from his siblings. In the last paragraph, fathers action of staring at Robert and request what be in possession of you been doing this afternoon shows that he believes that Robert cannot tell a lie to him and, as expected, Robert tells his father everything what Eva and Maria have done. This is not simply a comic relief and the climax that makes the passage interesting, but an action which shows whether being a nave person and not lying is a good choice or not, after all.In the first off paragraph, McEvan creates a detailed imagery and description of the rising action Eva and Maria wearing cosmetics and trying to look as beautiful as they can. McEvan describes Eva and Maria in Roberts point of view, and mainly uses verbs and nouns white and beautiful are the only adjectives, carefully is the only and one adverb and these were American firm stars is the metaphor that has been employ to describe the girls actions and beauty.Still and all, by spending 13 lines of his passage to describe the sisters, McEvan excludes emotional elements, and makes the rising action awfully long, and persuades the readers to condemn Eva and Marias desire for beautiful appearance. However, if the first paragraph is examined in cold blood, the long account for the actions of Eva and Maria could be biased as the narrator is the young boy who calls his mother Mama. Also, their desire to have better appearances could be understandable for the wealthy teenage school girls.In the last two sentences, McEwan concentrates more in characterizing the Eva and Maria to suggest the unreliability of appearances. In the third paragraph, Eva and Maria put the clothes back to where they were, and opens the window to make sure that their mother does not realize that her perfume has been sprayed. The girls tried to stag their mother and father and change to their normal clothes. Suddenly the beautiful women had become my sisters again suggests how easy it is to deceive appearance of human and other objects. Furthermore, the girls, who just had beautiful appearances, behaved as if nothing had happened, and denied what Robert told to his father. Therefore, the writer gives an evidence of how simple it is to deceive with the appearances, but not as simple and easy it is to deceive with the emotions.Compared with the first paragraph, the last two paragraphs are relatively shorter in length. The second paragraph is the shortest one that illustrates Eva and Maria putting the clothes, powder and lipstick to where they were at the beginning. In the third paragraph, the plot unfolds rapidly, and creates suspense when Robert reveals what had happened in the afternoon. Thus, the author is suggesting how fast and easy it is to deceive the in visual way and at the same tim e, how the truth can never be deceived completely.Most of the readers would regulate this passage hilarious, and at the same time, they might feel not so sympathetic toward Eva and Maria. However, most of the readers probably have experienced a similar daub which Robert or Eva and Maria are in. Therefore, the author could be telling the readers to have a flashback of a situation where they were Robert or Eva and Maria, and consider if they were trying to lie and deceive other person.

Inflation and Fiscal Policy in the UAE

Inflation and Fiscal Policy in the UAETable of Contents (jump to)1. Inflation in that existing economy then suggested an applicable solutions to cope these statementPolitical and Social StabilityOil and mineral ResourcesAgricultural Resources2. Evaluate advantage and disadvantages of the current monetary policy and monetary policy being implemented in the elect country3. Find out and explain the effectiveness of various economic result reforms that were carried out in the past yearsDubai to preserve % gross domestic product growth in 2014DH953.2 Billion gross domestic product estimates at current 2013Abu dhabis GDP up 5.6% in 2012Contribution of extractive industries to Abu Dhabis GDP amounted to 5% in 20114. Examine the effect of the balance of payment on the exchange grade in the chosen country explaining. How the chosen country manages its foreign debt1. Inflation in that existing economy then suggested an applicable solutions to cope these statementThirty years digest the UAE was one of the slightest created nations of the world. To twenty-four hour period, it has attained a wage level practically identical to that of the industrialized countries. The UAE did not pass through the speculative advancement organizes that most created nations expect to have encountered. Rather, its extensive fossil oil incomes have permitted her to jump these stages to the phase of steep mass utilization. Monstrous oil incomes have empowered the UAE to alternate way the radiation patternly troublesome and languish procedure of sparing and capital amassing important for financial improvement. Given a wealth of common asset blessings (oil and assail), the UAE has grasped asset based mercenary ventures (RBI) as an advancement procedure, a mechanical technique that is focused around use of characteristic assets. There has been a sending of windfall wage, to a owing(p) extent coordinated at a for the last time help to the social and enthronisation foundation, which e mpowered the UAE to attain a critical level of investment advancement deep buck the exact concise time period of 1973 to 1982, a period of moderately high oil costs (Kandil, Morsy, 2011). Prior to the disclosure and eff of oil, the economy of the Trucial States (which today structure the UAE) depended predominantly on subsistence tillage, itinerant creature cultivation, the concentrating of pearls and the exchange pearls, angling, and marine. The period before the revelation of oil, hence, reflected the nations restricted regular assets, and brought about a basic subsistence economy (Kandil, Morsy, 2011).Political and Social StabilitySince its shaping in 1971 the UAE has appreciated a political steadiness. The current political structures seem to suit the tribal pop culture of the UAE and the dissemination of immense oil incomes as social and financial base, high salarys, an elevated expectation of social administrations, for example, wellbeing and training has elevated the expectation for all(prenominal)day comforts for UAE nationals and impressively decreased the probability of inward political and social turmoil. It is worth saying that the UAE Government has kept up a generally decent record on human rights since the creation of the state. This thus has pushed political and social strength (Almulali, Sab, Binti, 2011). The UAE is a dynamic part of numerous churl and universal affiliations, for example, the Middle Easterner League, the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Arab Gulf Cooperation Gathering, and the Organization of the Islamic Conference.Oil and Mineral ResourcesThe UAE is blessed with incomprehensible stores of oil, both seaward and coastal. Co partnered gas from raw petroleum generation and non-partnered gas is likewise created. Since the early 1970s the UAEs incredible development has depended to a great extent on the revelation and mistreat of oil. The oil and gas commercial ventures are generally overseen and the most recent innovation is persistently tackled to build beneficial productivity. As indicated by the UAE Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, the UAE most extreme reasonable both day limit of oil generation (greatest creation rate that might be managed day by day for one year in current states of misuse) is 2 million barrels a day (Almulali, Sab, Binti, 2011).Agricultural ResourcesThe aggregate zone of area under farming and ranger service constitutes short of what 1.5 for both(prenominal) penny of the aggregate area territory of the UAE. Agribusiness has made just a little commitment to GDP (3.8 for every penny in 1999). There has, notwithstanding, been a reliable and probatory expand in the measure of area committed to horticulture and ranger service in the course of recent years as the aftereffect of supported exertions by the UAE Government to advertise farming improvement utilizing the accompanying motivations (Osman, Louis, Balli, 2009)Agricultural plots are conceded allowed to any UAE national. basis is leveled and arranged mechanically for nothing.Production inputs, for example, seeds, manures, and insect sprays are given at half cost.Water wells are bored free of charge.There is procurement of free specialized administrations, for example, establishment of water pumps (Osman, Louis, Balli, 2009).2. Evaluate advantage and disadvantages of the current fiscal policy and monetary policy being implemented in the chosen countryRegardless of the UAEs pay rates positioning higher than the worldwide normal, supplementary expenses excessively are shooting up. As indicated by Dubai Statistics Center, on the preface of purchaser value information, expansion in Dubai rose to its most elevated amount in the most recent four years in October. lodge and utility expenses, which represents just about 44 for every penny of purchaser costs, processioned 3.2 for every penny year-on-year and 0.2 for every penny month-on-month individually in October. Despite the situation that sustenance and drink costs climbed by 1.8 for every penny yearly, October costs fell 0.4 for every penny from the past month (Osman, Louis, Balli, 2009). In a Bayt.com compensation study of UAE experts, discharged not foresightful ago, 28 for every penny of experts said their compensations expanded just hardly while an alternate 28 for every penny sayed a moderate build.Around 19 for every penny of respondents said there was no change. The greater part of experts reviewed ascribed their pay climb to swelling and the climbing average cost for basic items while around 80 for every penny said that climbing rents constituted a significant a piece of their surviving costs. Be that as it may as business certainty gets in front of the Expo 2020 offer, Dubais lopsided climb in compensations in connection with rents could go about as a focused disservice in holding ability at later stages. It is important that as per the Bayt.com MENA Salary Survey (May 2013), 47 for every penny of UAE respondents accept that their steadfastness is 70 to100 for every penny connected to their compensation, consequently showing that pay is a key driver for corporate faithfulness for a lions share, said Suhail Masri, VP of offers, Bayt.com (al-Awad, 2013). This general pattern is seen over the Middle East that organizations must start to address in doing thus, they will have the capacity to help building worker steadfastness and fulfillment, and will have the chance to decrease the amount of representatives looking to change employments inside the one year from now. Masri said that in spite of the lodging remittance given to UAE workers being the third most astounding in the district, climbing living expenses for occupants are a reason for concern.3. Find out and explain the effectiveness of various economic growth reforms that were carried out in the past yearsDubai to sustain % GDP growth in 2014Billions of dollars worth of realty ventures to help economy Dubais economy is relied upon to develop around five for every penny not long from now, a comparable pace to 2013, the leader of its detail office said on Monday. Development in the Gulf emirate, the districts exchange and business center, grabbed firmly a year ago, floated by the possibility of government land ventures worth many billions of dollars. It is normal that development will arrive at around five for every penny in 2013, official chief Arif Obaid Al Muhairi said on the Dubai Statistics the economy developed around 4.5 for every penny in the initial cabaret months of a year ago, he said. Dubai represents a quarter of yield of the UAE economy, with oil-fueled Abu Dhabi in charge of around 65 for every penny (al-Awad, 2013). The UAE, one of the worlds top oil exporters, has yet to discharge 2013 GDP information.DH953.2 Billion GDP estimates at current 2013The Statistics Center-Abu Dhabi (SCAD) affirmed yesterday throughout a question and answer session held at the Abu Dhabi Econo mic Media Club, the last comes about and budgetary studies for 2012, which registered the GDP for the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and GDP gauges for 2013 (al-Awad, 2013). The Conference was gone to by Mr. Nasser Dayan, Director of Economic Statistics Department, Dr. Mohammed Al Dhaheri, Director of Field Surveys, Ms. Shamma Al Rumaithi, Director of National Accounts, and Mr. Osama Al Zugbi, Assistant Director of Economic Statistics Department. Mr. Nasser Dayan expressed that the vital comes about and assessments arrived at by SCAD on investment advancements in Abu Dhabi a year ago demonstrated that all financial exercises and divisions, oil and non-oil, accomplished development (Termos, Naufal, Genc, 2013).Abu dhabis GDP up 5.6% in 2012In its yearly report for 2012, the Department ascribed the slower development in 2012 to the slight climb in the oil division in both creation and costs contrasted and 2011. It demonstrated Abu Dhabis rightful(a) GDP remained at Dh678 billion in 2012 and said that notwithstanding the loosening development in 2012, Abu Dhabis economy kept up its recuperated and came back to its solid pace, exploiting the knock-down(a) enhancement methodology received by the emirates legislature as of late. The report demonstrated the oil division accomplished a 3.8 for every penny on-key development in 2012, which was lower than past rates acknowledged by the action throughout 2010 and 2011 (Termos, Naufal, Genc, 2013).Interestingly, non-oil exercises reinforce the increases accomplished over the recent years, and transformed into a solid mainstay of budgetary execution in the emirate, it said. Non-oil investment exercises recorded true development of 7.7 for every penny in 2012, contrasted with 6.7 for every penny and 6.1 for every penny in 2011 and 2010 separately. This considered absolutely the commitment of non-oil exercises to the true GDP of the Emirate, which rose to 48 for every penny in 2012 contrasted with 44 for every penny in 2007. A br eakdown demonstrated the land division developed by 16.7 for every penny in 2012, as an immediate consequence of the noteworthy convalescence of offers exercises in the land part in the Emirate (Basher, Elsamadisy, 2012). The assembling division stretched by 9.7 for every penny to a record Dh41.5 billion, the report indicatedContribution of extractive industries to Abu Dhabis GDP amounted to 5% in 2011The extractive business is the spine of the economy of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and a standout amongst the most vital parts of the national pay of the emirate, where oil incomes are utilized inwardly development of base tasks, and in addition other monster national commercial enterprises. The commitment of extractive industry to the GDP of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi arrived at 58.5% in 2011, as an aftereffect of high oil costs in world markets, and the expand in creation of oil in Abu Dhabi. OPEC normal oil value rose from Us$77.45 for every barrel in 2010 to Us$107.46 for every barr el in 2011 (Basher, Elsamadisy, 2012).Aggregate Fixed Capital Formation The aggregate altered capital framing in the extractive business movement rose from Dh 7.8 billion in 2006 to Dh 48.8 billion in 2011 at a yearly development rate of 44% on normal throughout the period, while colonized capital shaping in the action developed by 11.6% in 2011 (Hamaideh, 2010).4. Examine the effect of the balance of payment on the exchange rates in the chosen country explaining. How the chosen country manages its foreign debtConversion scale administrations can harshly be characterized into three classifications settled (pegged), adaptable (gliding) and moderate administrations. Before 1970s, most economies worked under settled conversion standard administration known as the Bretton-Woods framework. Under this framework, nations altered their trade rates against US dollar and the dollar was worth a settled measure of gold. All taking part impressage were certainly pegged to the gold. The framewo rk was broken down following 25 years (1946-1971) yet the arrangement of altered conversion scale remained the favored administration in numerous nations. The fundamental inspiration for property trade rates settled is the conviction that a stable swapping scale can encourage exchange and speculation streams between nations by diminishing variances in relative costs and by lessening vulnerability (Hamaideh, 2010). Since 1971, economies have been moving towards adaptable conversion standard administrations, where the estimation of the cash is controlled by the business. In this setting, the residential coin, all else equivalent, devalues when interest for the remote money expands or supply of the outside cash diminishes and acknowledges when interest for the outside coin abatements or supply of the remote coin builds (Hamaideh, 2010).ReferencesKandil, M., Morsy, H. (2011). Determinants of Inflation in GCC.Middle East Development Journal,3(02), 141-158. http//www.worldscientific.com /doi/abs/10.1142/S1793812011000351Almulali, U., Sab, C., Binti, C. N. (2011). The impact of oil prices on the real exchange rate of the dirham a fibre study of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).OPEC Energy Review,35(4), 384-399. http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.17530237.2011.00198.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=userIsAuthenticated=falseOsman, M. A., Louis, R. J., Balli, F. (2009). Output gap and inflation nexus the case of United Arab Emirates.International Journal of Economics and strain Research,1(1), 118-135. http//inderscience.metapress.com/content/h815u130l51p1493/al-Awad, M. M. (2013). Ex Ante Inflation Rates in the UAE. http//repository.yu.edu.jo/handle/123456789/535773Termos, A., Naufal, G., Genc, I. (2013). Remittance outflows and inflation The case of the GCC countries.Economics Letters,120(1), 45-47. http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176513001468Basher, S. A., Elsamadisy, E. M. (2012). Country heterogeneity and longrun determinan ts of inflation in the Gulf Arab states.OPEC Energy Review,36(2), 170-203. http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1753-0237.2011.00208.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=userIsAuthenticated=falseHamaideh, M. E. (2010).A Risk Management Strategy To Hedge Projects Against Cost Escalation Caused By footing Inflation(Doctoral dissertation, British University in Dubai). http//bspace.buid.ac.ae/handle/1234/328

Why women should choose to reintegrate into a society

Why wo workforce should choose to reintegrate into a societyThis major question raised in 2006 is perhaps unmatched of the first concerns of Pat Carlens feminist support. Strongly opposed to women in prison house state of affairs, she is widely regarded as one of the worlds leading experts on iniquity, sex activity and punishment.iCarlen has put by dint of c atomic number 18er as a Professor of Sociology at Bath Universityiiand before was an Honorary Professor of Criminology of Keele where she was founded and was Head of the Department of Criminology as well as visit Professor of Criminology at Westminster University, London. In addition to the above she was a ingredient of both the Commissioning Panel and the Steering Committee of the ESRC Crime and Social wander Programme 1992-1997. Moreover, she is a founder member of the campaigning group Women in Prison created in1983. The group consisted of the first step to a long term and rough-cut attempt to reduce number and theoriz e and balance specific needs of female prisonsiii.Pat Carlen is a leading scholar in the area of women and punishment. In 1997 she was awarded the Sellin-Glueck Prize by the American Society of Criminology for outstanding international contri providedions to the do mainiv. Carlen devoted her life in researching a wide range of criminological moments however, she compassionately focused on analysing the penal control of women and matters surrounding their imprisonment. She found her inspiration in the unfair and striking features of womens imprisonment determinationv. True to her beliefs she illustrated the path towards the considerations for the abolition of womens imprisonment. In formulating her intellects she discussed some of prisons abolitions traditional and contemporary enemies after researching and inter lieuing people in the domainvi.Adrion Howe argues that the work of Pat Carlen be possessed of commenced a process which volition at long digest fundamentally transfo rm critical analyses of punishment regimes. However, processes in this direction have been slow and the work of Carlen on insisting that women prisoners be handled as a take worth of study and change was exemplaryvii.In 1983 Carlen wrote a book, Womens shackles, about Cornton Vale, Scotlands only prison for women. She did the research and as she said wrote the book as one off without expecting to do whatever further research on prisons. What really changed her mind was her meeting later in 1983 with an ex-prisoner, Chris Tchaicowsky, who at the time was the founder member of Women in Prison leading campaigns for women notwithstanding coiled up in prisons. She invited Carlen to join after reading her book. The task of the group was to raise public awareness of women in prisons via many ways. Carlen mostly helped in writing books and articles, helping the campaigning group to be bornviii.Classicists like Emile Durkheim fire the issue believing that the function of punishment is the promotion of social harmony with the exclusion of deviant persons from society and the transfer of moral identity to society. Womens Imprisonment is, nowadays, characterised by discontinuities, contradictions, fragmentation and transformation. Modern approaches rooted to crime reduction. Carlen in Analyzing Womens Imprisonment raised the question as to whether crime reduction will be achieved by increased use of imprisonment. Her approach on that issue was that sending a wrongdoer to prison may aggravate rather than ameliorate the psychological, economic and social factors which purpose woman to criminal activityix. A radical prison critic is that it was never used for punishment of all serious crimes but also to storehouse the poor, unemployed and mentally ill.In 1981, Carlen direct a survey and questioned Scottish magistrates and judges about womens imprisonment, receiving replies determining the reasons why a woman would go to prison. The answers consisted of whether she was a good mother, how ordered her life was, if she has a husband, if she has any children, whether she has abandoned her husband or her children are already in Care or if she was battered. Women like that are more than likely to be move to prison. However, these myths along with many other stereotypes about women offenders has had bad effects on prison regimes,xresulting to prejudice on sentence over women of the above categoriesxi. British jurist is supposed to be not only gender-neutral but also colour blindxii. Yet, this is not true when it comes to women imprisonment. People awarding sentence are more likely to convict women from ethnic minorities or young women. Thus, is racism the key to increase of female prison people?Early reformers such as caper Howard and Elizabeth Fry attempted to campaign for the segregation of female from male prisonersxiiiand different prison regimes for women but at the end the results of their efforts were not satisfactory. Pat Carlen continues on the same path in order to ameliorate the conditions that surround womens imprisonment in nowadays. Is it fair to start imprisonment reduction with women?A very small nub of violent crime is committed by women and females commit crime in very different circumstances to men. Carlens investigation showed that women mostly commit crime in relation to drugs, fraud or theft. The majority of British women prisoners have not been goaled because of the seriousness of their crimes but because of their abnormal domestic circumstances or less than stodgy life styles. A strong argument over womens imprisonment consist the failure of the non-penal welfare or health institutions to cope with their problems. Prisons are the only places that cannot respond to take those women for whom neither the health nor the welfare services will take responsibility still if they had committed the most minor crime. As prison officers advised Carlen in her research, prisons are not equipped to cope with the problems from which every other agency is copping out. This leads to the increase of the prison population. Between the years 1993-2001 the population increased by over 145 %xiv. In the previous ten years the women population in prisons doubled and male increased by approximately 50%.Additionally, women prisoners take to the woods to be isolated from their families imposing significant pain of imprisonment with the loss of their role as mothers. Furthermore, women generally are badly treated by the officers and the prison staff, when it comes to gynecological requirements (handcuffed in labor and during transfer or treatment to hospital, drug virginal inspections). In addition, one of the prisons roles is to help prisoners to cope with the new life they will come across after release, nevertheless only few rehabilitation regimes exist. An ex-prisoner told Carlen that in order to keep them out (criminals) we should give them something outside. Otherwise, a life of survive in there foreseems preferable to life out here where there is just nothingxv. Clive Soley agreed with Carlens findings and added that if society actually wants to improve the situation, must dance band as its priority the preparation for releasexvi.Pat Carlen admits that womens crime is less serious and not threatening to the public even after their release from prison, as well as the fact that only few prison escapes have occurred involving women and it is not unusual for most of them to voluntarily return to face their punishmentxvii. afterward making a lot of research and analysing the circumstances under women get to live with in prisons has come to the conclusion that prison is not only damaging during the course of sentence, but once coming out it has other problems as well. Her research and findings made her develop the idea discovering possible alternatives. Pat Carlen, points out that the main cause of the crime is the relationship between the offender and the community and bel ieves that the only cure also lies in the same relationshipxviii. Alternatives to imprisonments should include any curriculum of intervention likely to deter someone from future criminal activity. She continues to strongly analyse the possible future alternatives as her main contribution.Harris, a commentator, came to add to Carlens position of alternatives by pointing out that part of the problem is that it is unclear what the punter treatment of women actually meansxix. This is true as there are no gender specific sentences. Carlen also considered whether reform or abolition of womens imprisonment would be appropriate. As the main intention of her book Sledgehammer she argues that womens imprisonment in England and Wales at the end of the 20th century is excessively punitive totally inappropriate to the needs of the women organism sent to prison and is ready for abolition in its personate form. However, she came to argue that reform might be impossible to achieve and will alway s lead to the abandonment of imprisonment as punishment for minor offences. Eventually, is better to do something than nothing. Prison is to punish and within that context all reforms had to be thoughtxx.In 1997, Carlen gave some politico-philosophical justifications for imprisonment in order to clear up the primary aims it should have. However, the following no longer apply. She starts stating that the government has an obligation to wipe state clean making wrongdoers pay for their offences in applying the eye for an eye philosophy. Additionally, she verbalised that prisons can be used to improve peoples characters and teach them useful and new skills that could be helpful to lead new lives according to the law after their release. Imprisonment also can be said to prevent criminals to recommit a crime in the future on top of deterring others tempted to commit a crime. In this manner crime rates lower and public is protectedxxi. Carlen proposes an idea for a more productive reducti on of the female population. In her point of view sentencers should be required to justify to a Sentencing Council all custodial sentences and remand of who appropriate the offence was in relation to the offender in addition to any pre existing criteria for the award after their examination. Other requirements are for sentencers to state what they hope to achieve by the custodial sentence awarded and finally to induct the calculations of what the total be are likely to be. The aim behind her proposition is to make courts to think twice before sending someone into prison as they should publicize what they are doingxxii. Moreover, there is still the need for gender-tested and ethnicity-tested regimes that will ensure that some groups do not have a greater impact. Other ways that reduction of population can be achieved is if the society took certain measures to battle poverty and inequality as well as diminishing sexism and racism that result in tell sentencingxxiii.After considerin g the situation of the day the criminologist saw three possible future scenarios governing womens imprisonment in Britain. Firstly, more of the same circumstances, however, getting worse as the female prison population will rise. The second scenario involves less of the same other than with more experimentation with progressive projects resulting to changeable number on womens population. The last scenario that she encounters is the reduction on womens imprisonment. This scenario contains close regulations for the womens law breaking actions leading to the abolishment of the situation as it was known until thenxxiv. She supported the view of abolishing womens imprisonment for an experimental period of 5 years. For that period of time imprisonment should not be considered as one of the normal punishment for women and that a maximum of only degree Celsius custodial places should be retained for female offenders convicted of abnormally serious offences. If accused so, they should onl y be imprisoned after their case was referred by a test judge to a Sentencing Council who would make the final adjudication. Moreover, her proposition involved undertaking of fund and far-reaching examination of all sentencing.Her proposal for abolition was greeted with a certain measuring rod of skepticism. One radio interviewer asked if male burglars should retire knowing that their wives or girlfriends could carry on the business with impunity. This is clearly ironical however, is it entirely a false approach? As a Senior Official in the Home Office added to Carlens proposition What we want is smaller open prisons in the community and in an urban context. Over this point, the courts support an anti-feminist approach if you women wanted equality, youve got to take itxxv. The criminologists, Deborah Baskin and Ira Sommers, acceptably, point out that Carlen does not explain how womens criminal careers are circumscribed specifically by genderxxvi. Furthermore, they add that she doe s not distinguish the gender specific ways in which women are exploited and controlled by familialism and consumerism. Baskin and Sommers also argue that Carlens repetition of the unoriginal and functionalist rhetoric that only women experience dual exploitation in the public and private spheres adds little to the analysis. On the other hand, they furthermore continue to disagree that Carlen fails to see that working class men also have to make class gender deals which include being regulated within family. Briefly, Carlens analysis does not shroud the precise ways in which social reactions are gender specific and thus affect womens lives differently from mensxxvii.Pat Carlen characterise herself as not a prison abolitionist in the sense that she can easily envisage a time when it will not be considered necessary to have prisons and lock up certain offenders as a matter of public safetyxxviii. Abolition is not a thread to the public. The whole situation leaves the state with the preference to continuingly misuse millions of pounds on prisons or taking daring steps to stop legislators and sentencers seeing prison as being the absolute panacea for all political and social ills and instead consider it as an abnormal and unusual punishementxxix. Joe Sim added to the abolition argument that abolitionists ideas should not be dismissed as idealistic and utopian but rather should be understoodxxx. In the 1990s Carlen thought of some further developments including educational initiatives, personal officer scheme, introduction of sentence planning, opening up prisons. Nonetheless, many of these already exist only in name on paper or defunctxxxi. In 2006 she returned to the argument of abolition and noted that abolitionists have a number of enemies, and populist politicians are the greatest. Women imprisonment should be abolished as an experiment that will later follow in being applied to men as well. It started its test on women as they are considered to have non-thr eatening criminal profilesxxxii.Even if researches have taken place, nowadays, womens imprisonment involves as many inhumanities as ever. This occurs as there is a serious lack of attention from research. Carlen emphasized on the differential experiences of criminal justice and criminality encountered by females in comparison to malesxxxiii. She is bewilder to know what more can be done to make changes needed in order for womens imprisonment in 21st century to stop being the disgrace that used to be in the 20th century. During most of the 20th century women in prison tended to be invisible prisoners, the women whom nobody wanted and to the highest degree everyone had forgotten. At the beginning of the 21st century the prison is as much a set of all kinds of social production as it has ever been. Although, they still represent a very small proportion of the prison population, there is no rational reason why that proportion should not be even smaller. Instead, it is slowly but surel y increasing and this is not a problem being limited in England and Wales. The criminologist insisted in her diary that there must be an alternative and that the womens system has no management strategy and no structure to hold onxxxiv. The best regimes can do is ameliorate the worst effects. Thus, as Worrall also confirmed, crime will be broken by a government honest enough to admit that prison does not work and sufficiently courageous to accept that prison is itself part of crime problem rather than part of the solutionxxxv. All the above ideas can be dragged from the historical idea that prisons make bad people worsexxxvi.In conclusion, Pat Carlens contribution to criminology was enormous in relation to female offenders and their imprisonment. Her main aim in the sector was to ameliorate the present circumstances affecting womens imprisonment. She devoted her work in researching and interviewing people the area considering prisons in order to find the roots of the problem. This w ould later make her able to combat the obstacles and reach a more compromising situation. Many found her work inspiring. Nonetheless, others found that it lacks focus on certain areas. Her contribution pronounced the beginning of slow and steady developments in the field. On the other hand, the study of womens imprisonment has still a long way to go.

Financial Analysis of Coles Ltd

Financial compendium of Coles Ltd1. INTRODUCTION1.1 PurposeIn this report my propose is to do a financial digest of Coles Ltd which provides a basis, on which the valuation of caller-up canister be done.1.2 ScopeThis report conducts a financial depth psychology for Coles by performing a trend compendium of financial balances using the data given for past 5 years. It to a fault includes a currency lessen analysis which along with financial proportions helps compare coles with its industry counterparts, Woolworths and Metcash and finally this analysis would help in value valuation to calculate a fair price for coles share.1.3 MethodologyThis report is base on primary data available from Coles website as well as secondary data such as seek paper, electronic database and other publications.1.4 LimitationAlthough all efforts have been made to uptake as much available information as possible still in that respect were some constricting factors such as lack of available data of past financial information which restricted this research. Reliability of data and time constraints were also hurdle in performing this analysis.The biggest mulctcoming was that authorized data was based on AIFR and data for years before 2005 was based on AGAAP, which made relative trend analysis very difficult.2. FINANCIAL ANALYSISIn this we will be evaluating the sures financial ratios and cash f slump measures of the operational, finance, and investing performance of a company in relation to key competitors historical performance. Given the firms strategy and goals, together these tools allow the analyst to investigate and examine a firms performance and its financial condition. balance analysis is the tool which involves assessing the firms income statement and balance sheet data. On the other side, the cash flow analysis relies on firms cash flow statement.2.1 Ratio analysisThe ratio analysis deals with evaluation of the performance of Coles in perspective of its ment ioned strategies and goals. In order to achieve this objective a combination of cross sectional analysis and time series analysis is performed. Workings of Ratios for 2006 are mentioned in APPENDIX 4.2.1.1 favorableness analysisIf we look at the return on equity (ROE) of Coles, for a period of 5 years, it is being observed that ROE has increased in 2006 as compared to 2002. Although ROE has fallen in 2006 (15. 30%) as compared to 2005 (18.30 %) hardly it can be seen that on an amount Coles ROE has been stalls or increased all over choke 5 years. Return on summation (ROA) has also been electrostatic around 10% during the stomach 3 years and increasing from 7.17% in 2002 to 9.54% in 2006.The main reason for stable ROE and ROA are better performance delivered by the management and as well as the mature characteristic of the industry, that produces stable return as well as stable crop sightedness population demographics in the country.Table 1 Profitability Ratio of Coles LtdS ource Coles financial statement after adjustmentGross remuneration has been quite stable and good for the last 5 years but the misgivinged part is the net profit margin. Net profit margin has been very low, it had been increasing from 2002 to 2005 but it once again fell in 2002 to 1.57% from 2.08%. Coles need to curve its run and interest expenses so as to increase its net profit margin.Table 2 Profitability Ratio Comparison within the industry in 2006On comparing the performance of Coles with its industry counterparts we can conclude that Coles Ltd is way behind its major competitor, Woolworths, in terms of ROE and ROA which might be attributable to lower net profit margin and lower financial leverage. Coles has higher financial leverage as compared to Woolworths and metcash, which doer it, has greater financial risk. But despite of high leverage it has low ROE which confirms the fact that Coles has low net profit margin asset employee turnover ratio.2.1.2 Activity Analysi sA firms operating activities require investments in both short-circuit ( origin and accounts receivable) and long term assets. Activity ratios describe the relationship amid the firms level of operations and assets needed to sustain operating activities. Asset turnover is important in determining firms ROA it also formulates reasons of how it will affect firms ROE. Evaluating the effectiveness of asset management is the purpose of asset turnover analysis.2.1.2.1 Short term activity ratiosWorking capital is our main concern while evaluating a company. It can clearly be observed that since Coles has high turnover ratios it uses cash basis in its gross revenue. It can be clearly being seen that it took only 4.48 days on an average for Coles to convert its take stock investment back in to cash. From the figures last 5 years we can clearly interpret that Coles has drastically improved its cash diversity cycle from 23 days in 2002 to 4.48 days in 2006.Table 3 Short-term Activity Ra tios for Coles LtdTable 4 Short-term activity ratio comparison, 2006Now, if we compare Coles with its competitors we can see that Woolworths has lower cash conversion cycle and metcash has higher cash conversion cycle. Woolworths has lower cash conversion cycle because it keeps inventory in stock for shorter duration and stock is converted in to good sold in less span of time. On the other hand Metcash keeps inventory in stock for lower no. of days but it provides more no. of days to its receivables for payment due to which it has higher cash conversion cycle. perceive the industry it can be concluded that Coles has good cash conversion cycle but it can improve on it by reducing the fairish number of days for which inventory is in stock.2.1.2.2 foresighted term activity ratiosIn the analysis of long term activity ratios, long-term asset turnover and property, plant and equipment turnover have been utilized.Table 5 Long term activity ratios for Coles LtdOn the whole both ratios m oved in the same ensample during these periods. Relatively, this pattern shows that asset utilization has improved uniformly for the period ranging from 2002 (310.12%) to 2006(372.70%). This helps to conclude that company is continuously improving its utilization of assets to increase its production.Table 6 Long term activity ratios comparison, 2006While comparing to its competitors it can be seen that Coles thorough waiver asset turnover ratio is approximately 30% higher than its competitors. It helps to analyze that Coles is more efficiently utilizing its re parentages to increase its production as compared to its competitors. Metcashs high PPE turnover ratio can be contributed to the fact that PPE forms a very small part of Metcashs total assets. If compare Coles with its major competitor Woolworth on PPE Turnover Ratio we can conclude that Coles has been utilizing its fixed asset better than Woolworths.2.1.3 Liquidity AnalysisLiquidity is referred to a firms ability to have su fficient funds when needed and convert its non-cash assets in to cash easily. Liquidity Ratios are employed to determine the firms ability to pay its short-term liabilities. Liquidity analysis enables us to determine Coles ability to cover its liquidness risk. Liquidity risk may arise due to shortfall or over liquidity within the firm and this in turn lead to firms disability of fulfilling its liquidity needs.In order to determine firm liquidity level, Current ratio, supple ratio and cash ratio are short- term liquidity ratios which have been employed.Table 7 Coles Short-term Liquidity RatiosOn doing the trend analysis for last 5 years it can be observed that Coles up-to-the-minute ratio has been consistently falling, which increases the possibility that Coles will not be able to meet up its short term liabilities. Current ratio has fallen from 1.37 in 2002 to 0.98 in 2006 which is of major concern, as a true ratio of less than 1 center that company has negative working capital and is probably facing a liquidity crisis. The more stringent measure of liquidity is quick ratio and cash ratio which have also been falling uniformly in last 5 years. It seems Coles is falling in to liquidity crunch and might need short term funds to meet its current liabilities. There has been lot of volatility in the cash ratio of the firm as they have been rising and again falling, so we can conclude that Coles is not able to maintain stable liquidity.Table 8 Short term liquidity ratios comparisons, 2006As compared to its competitors Coles has better current ratio than Woolworths but has current ratio less than Metcash. Comparing Coles with its major competitor in retail sector, Woolworth, we can clearly see Coles has better current cash ratio but is behind on quick ratio. On comparing with metcash we see that Coles is behind on all the short term liquidity ratios by a very high margin. Metcash has twice the cash ratio as compared to Coles, which makes Coles ability to meet i ts short term liabilities questionable.2.1.4 Long term Debt and solvency AnalysisThe analysis of a firms capital structure is essential to evaluate its long term risk and return prospects. The long term debt and solvency ratios which we are going to use here are debt to equity, debt to capital and interest coverage ratio.Table 9 Coles long term Debt and Solvency ratiosAs indicated by Coles debt and long term solvency ratios, it denotes that firm is not a solvent company and relies heavily on debt financing. The firms debt to equity and debt to capital ratios are consistently above 1.00 which shows that Coles employed more debt than equity as its source of financing. Debt to total capital has also been consistently been around 0.55-0.60 during the 5 year period. This shows that firm has been stable with its financing policy and has not done much flip-flop with its debt and equity mix. Since it relies so heavily on debt financing, issues can be raised regarding its ability to pay of f the interest arising due to long term debt financing but we see that company has EBIT 7 times more than the interest charges it has to pay, so that should concern much. It can be observed interest coverage ratio has declined in 2006, as compared to 2005 2004, but it is still able to meet industry benchmarks.Table 10 Debt and Solvency ratios Comparison 2006Compared to its competitors, long term solvency ratios of Coles seem to be performing optimally. Woolworths has got the highest debt to equity, debt to capital interest coverage ratio. Historically a debt to equity ratio of 21 is considered optimal so Coles can still rely on debt to finance its future undertaking rather then issuing new shares. It can be observed that Coles has interest coverage ratio greater than Metcash but less than Woolworths but that can be attributable to its low profit margin as compared to Woolworths. It seems Coles is at par with its competitors in terms of debt and solvency ratios.2.2 Cash come down AnalysisCash flow analysis is essential to understand that whether the firms cash flow have the ability to sustain the business, to meet unexpected obligations and to meet its short term liabilities. This also helps to understand whether firm will be requiring additional financing and firm can take advantage of new business opportunities as they arise.In cash flow analysis we will evaluate 3 ratios Operating cash flow to current liabilities, Interest coverage (cash flow basis) operating cash flow to dividend payment. Methodology for calculation of cash flow ratios is shown in APPENDIX 5Table 11 Cash flow ratios for Coles LtdBased on the table above, we can say that Coles has the ability to service its debts which can be seen in firms interest coverage ratio from cash flow basis. Moreover, we observe that Op. cash flow to dividend payment has fallen over the time span from 2002 to 2006 which could be an area of concern. Operating cash flow to current liabilities has also fallen a b it, which ungenerouss it can be a problem for the firm if certain unexpected obligation come up due to which it might require additional financing.Table 12 Cash flow ratios Comparison, 2006If we compare Coles to its competitors in the industry which it operates we observe that Coles has got better interest coverage ratio (cash flow basis) as compared to Woolworths Metcash which involves that Coles has better ability to service its debts than its counterparts. Coles also has a shortcoming in operating cash flow to dividend payment ratio, as it can be seen it has the last operating cash flow to dividend payment ratio. It can be attributable to the fact that it pays more dividends than it should pay. So it can be concluded that Coles needs to reduce dividend payment as it might lead Coles in to financial difficulties if some unexpected obligations turn up. In terms of operating cash flow to current liabilities we see that although it has fallen substantially for Coles in last 5 yea rs but it is at par with its biggest competitor Woolworths greater than Metcash.3. potential analysisProspective analysis enables us to determine future performance of the firm based on historical performance of the company. Here will be determining the mean return for sales and earning before interest taxes (EBIT) . Using those mean returns we will be making a sales forecast and EBIT forecast.3.1 Sales and EBIT forecastIn determining the sales growth, I have considered the following assumptions-Past trend of sales is going to continue in the following years.Firm is not going to bring a major change in its pricing policy.The foundation for sales EBIT growth is historical sales EBIT growth and I have use mean reverting amaze to determine the future sales growth, in which future sales EBIT growth will be mean return of last 4 years sales growth. I have not taken the 5 year sales EBIT growth because EBIT growth rate is to high in 2002 (73%) which could adversely effect the mean return considering gratuity situation of Coles.Table 13 Sales EBIT Growth Rate for Coles LtdUsing the mean reverting model we are able to find out a growth rate of sales for 7.64% EBIT growth rate of 11.87%. Using these growth rates we will be able to make a sales forecast EBIT forecast. This forecast will help in proper valuation of Coles on the basis of its predicted future performance. determine 1 Line chart for sales EBIT growthTable 14 Sales EBIT Forecast for Coles LTDUsing the growth rates we can forecast the sales and EBIT for Coles which helps an analyst in a fair valuation of the company. The main reason we use the sales growth as a base for forecasting, is that the majority of firm income is derived from its supermarket business.This forecast suffers from one serious shortcoming that EBIT growth has fallen from 34.31% in 2004 to 11.16% in 2005 and then to -17.07% in 2006 but we are still predicting a growth in EBIT of 11.87% in 2007 and thereafter.4. ConclusionI hav e gone through the multi-step process of ratio analysis, cash flow analysis and future analysis to present a report on financial analysis of Coles ltd. During the process, I have identified that Coles is operating in a mature industry with small profit margins.I have performed ratio analysis, cash flow analysis prospective analysis which would help a great deal in valuation of Coles based on its current market situation. During the Ratio analysis I was able to conclude that Coles has got good activity liquidity ratios but the major area of concern is profitability ratios. Coles needs to improve its net profitability so as survive in this competitive environment. Cash flow analysis helped us to absorb that Coles has cash flow ratios at par with its competitor, Woolworths, but Coles need to reduce its dividend payout as it is too high as compared to industry counterparts. By doing a prospective analysis I am able to forecast the future sales EBIT for Coles for next 4 years. Growt h rate for forecast has been calculated using the mean return for past 4 years. This helps us to understand future growth of the company.I would like to conclude by saying that although Coles is competing in a low profit margin industry but it is the 2nd biggest company in the retail industry, therefore if it brings about certain petite changes in its financing and operating activities it can add a great deal to its shareholders value.

Child Development Case Study Essay -- Child Development Theory

From the video observation, the two three-year old children, Thomas and Riley set off on a four-in-hand trip along with their childbaby minder it is sightd that both the children speak about their journey, in which they are able to identify various features, which include the passengers various buildings and different types of buses. Both children observe many of the features by taking photographs to highlight what they have observed on their journey. From observation, the video looks at the way the childminder plans the experience from a child-initiated stance, which directs the childrens learning in addition with assisting them with role-play and symbolic play, which is shown towards the end of the video. Thus, this essay will focus on the importance of early physical development within the Early Years framework, as well as the influence of the family with reference to the children along with the childminder. I shall link theory to practice from observation, by recounting both t he boys bus journey, using a number of hypothetical methods, as well as emphasising the social and emotional development equally with cognitive development. However in particular, I will address the cognitive development, by doing so, a whole approach is required regarding both the childrens development, as children are seen as individuals and that each knowledge base of their development cannot be divided into different sections.So in order to accentuate the whole approach, it is imperative that the two boys development is seen from a holistic perspective. Furthermore, not only does the childrens development depend on their own developmental process, additionally the family, as well as the child minder will have an influential effect on the relationship of both ch... ...Early Childhood. second ed. London SAGE Publications.Bruner, J. (1986) Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. USA Harvard University Press.Department of training (Dcfs) (2010) its childs play Early Years Foundation Stag e online. Assessed 7 December 2010. Available at .Keenan, T. and Evans, S. (2009) An Introduction to Child Development. 2nd ed. London SAGE publications.Malim, T. and Birch, A. (1998) Introductory Psychology. London MACMILLAN Press.Penn, H. (2008) Understanding early childhood. 2nd ed. Berkshire Open University Press. Piaget, J. and Inhelder, B. (1969) The Psychology of the Child. London Routledge.Smidt, S. (2007) A Guide to Early Years Practice. tertiary ed. Oxon Routledge. Woodhead, M and Oates, J. (eds). (2007) Attachment Relationships. Milton Keynes The Open University.

The Red Badge of Courage as a Naturalistic Work with Realistic Tendencies :: The Red Badge of Courage

The Red label of Courage as a re giveational subject with Realistic Tendencies The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane, one of the most significant and renowned books in American literature, defies outright classification, showing traces of some(prenominal) the realist and naturalist movements. It is a classic, however, precisely because it does so without sacrificing unity or poignancy. The Red Badge of Courage belongs unequivocally to the naturalist genre, but naive realism is also present and use to great effect. The conflict between these styles mirrors the bloody clash of the war described in the book and the eternal struggle between good and disgust in human nature. There are many characteristics in Cranes novel that would more promptly fitting within the category of realism the worldliness of his characters, the use of dialect, the portrayal of protagonist Henry Fleming as a complex individual, the description of nature as disinterested in human affairs, and th e supreme shutting of the story. Realism, often described as slice of life or photographic writing, attempts to portray life exactly as it is, without twisting it or reworking it to fit it into conceptualise notions of what is appropriate or what is aesthetically pleasing. In this book, Crane relies on neither the oversimplified rationalism of classicist literature nor the emotional idealism of romantic prose. Instead, he offers realistic, believable characters with average abilities. The soldiers are presented neither as epic heroes nor as bloodthirsty killers rather, their most noticeable trait is their overwhelming normalcy. The soldiers of Henrys regiment curse, fight, and surround just like normal people. This down-to-earth, gritty, everyday style is characteristic of realism. A particular convention used by Crane in convincing the referee of his characters existence is dialect. The distinctive speech of the soldiers enhances the photographic effect of the novel, lending it authenticity. Another distinctive trait of realism is complexity of character a trait readily evident in Henry Fleming. As he switches between cowardice and heroism, compassion and contempt, and optimism and pessimism, the reader observes that he is more than just a stereotype. He is a person with fears, hopes, dreams, and foibles. Nature is often portrayed as indifferent or disinterested in the affairs of humankind. Whereas naturalism involves emphasis on the abhorrence of nature, realism lacks this trait. For example, after fighting a battle, the youth feels a flash of astonishment at the blue, pure sky and the sun gleaming on the trees and fields.The Red Badge of Courage as a Naturalistic Work with Realistic Tendencies The Red Badge of CourageThe Red Badge of Courage as a Naturalistic Work with Realistic Tendencies The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane, one of the most significant and renowned books in American literature, defies outright classification, showing tra its of both the realist and naturalist movements. It is a classic, however, precisely because it does so without sacrificing unity or poignancy. The Red Badge of Courage belongs unequivocally to the naturalist genre, but realism is also present and used to great effect. The conflict between these styles mirrors the bloody clash of the war described in the book and the eternal struggle between good and evil in human nature. There are many characteristics in Cranes novel that would more readily fit within the category of realism the ordinariness of his characters, the use of dialect, the portrayal of protagonist Henry Fleming as a complex individual, the description of nature as disinterested in human affairs, and the positive ending of the story. Realism, often described as slice of life or photographic writing, attempts to portray life exactly as it is, without twisting it or reworking it to fit it into preconceived notions of what is appropriate or what is aesthetically pleasing. In this book, Crane relies on neither the oversimplified rationalism of classicist literature nor the emotional idealism of romantic prose. Instead, he offers realistic, believable characters with average abilities. The soldiers are presented neither as epic heroes nor as bloodthirsty killers rather, their most noticeable trait is their overwhelming normalcy. The soldiers of Henrys regiment curse, fight, and argue just like normal people. This down-to-earth, gritty, everyday style is characteristic of realism. A particular convention used by Crane in convincing the reader of his characters existence is dialect. The distinctive speech of the soldiers enhances the photographic effect of the novel, lending it authenticity. Another distinctive trait of realism is complexity of character a trait readily evident in Henry Fleming. As he switches between cowardice and heroism, compassion and contempt, and optimism and pessimism, the reader observes that he is more than just a stereotype. He is a person with fears, hopes, dreams, and foibles. Nature is often portrayed as indifferent or disinterested in the affairs of humankind. Whereas naturalism involves emphasis on the hostility of nature, realism lacks this trait. For example, after fighting a battle, the youth feels a flash of astonishment at the blue, pure sky and the sun gleaming on the trees and fields.